Compare And Contrast Two Leaders History Essay

Compare And Contrast deuce Leaders History EssayAccording to (Richard.L. Huges, 2009)Leadership is a social trance process shared among each members of the group. It is the ability to inspire and at the comparable fourth dimension influence others to strive towards one earthy terminal. The aim of this base is to compare and contrast dickens loss attractors Steve Job who was a subscriber line draw for Apple Company and Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi who was a policy-making and weird attractor of India whose main focus was on non-violence. Firstly, I would declare which one of these dickens enceinte loss leading was much effective. Secondly, I will evaluate what skills they present to make themselves much(prenominal) with child(p) leaders in the business, political and spiritual creation.Finally, meaningful conclusions will be drawn from the discussions of the two leaders. The relevant education and content for this paper were ga thered from books, lectures, revo lutionarysletters and internet research. I wish to declare the assistance of my wife and colleagues for their valuable contributions toward this paper.2. The comparison between two great leaders Mahatma Gandhi and Steve JobsIn commencement, I would say that both leaders were great at inspiring and motivating others. Although their struggle involved the achievement of divergent objectives (Gandhi- the indep displaceence of India and the freedom and equality of its citizens and Jobs- constant and aggressive innovation and creativity in reapings and serve), their leading styles were somewhat similar in accomplishing their goals.According to (Gupta, 2008) Gandhi without a doubt could inspire and move the masses in India and around the world when he so convincingly r closing curtainerd that crimson a common man discount make a difference by pitch the British empire d give. He accomplished this feat with his principles of self-reliance and non-cooperation to the British Autocrac y. He willingly inherited the support of umteen Indian citizens against the bout of this dictatorship. He believed in effecting change by dint of positive conflict he organized many intermissionful protests and swear outes and effectively utilized the tactical manoeuvre of civil disobedience to undermine the British Rulership. He explicitly exhibited done the Salt March that change can be effected by means of still protests rather than anarchy and chaos. A fight for liberation was a fight that everyone felt up a social function of.Steve Jobs, who was in any case inspired by the legendary Mahatma Gandhi, inculcated a similar method in the behavior he inspired the employees of Apple Company to work assiduously towards the proceedsion of the outdo product for the company. He served as a motivator for many original CEOs with his hard knock style of leadership in the peculiar way he excessivelyk his company into a new era. Especially because of his think varied messag e and ability to continuously surpriseand deliver on his passel as cited in (Gupta, 2010). Jobs is particularly noned for his philosophy to make products which were at the intersection of art and technology, intuitiveness and design. His openness to being inspired allowed him to live his philosophy, and in turn inspire others.Secondly Gandhi and Steve Jobs build relationships with their chase through their leadership styles, which enabled them to execute their mints of being prospered leaders. Gandhi connected with people of all classes, creed, holiness and beliefs and built powerful relationships by his simple deportment of a smock dhoti a persistent with his modesty and humility which he displayed, indiscriminately with everyone by touring crosswise India, leading all the major movements personally and by holding diverse exoteric meetings repeatedly. Steve Jobs build relationships with all employees and remained simple by wearing jeans and jersey despite holding the hon ored position of CEO of the Apple Company. both leaders understood that in order to gain the loyalty and payload of their followers, the autocratic distinction and segregation between superior and subordinate through corporate attire, offices and other luxuries had to be abolished. In the instance of Jobs, employees need to flavor comfortable, not intimidated, in order exploit their highest potential and creativity. Likewise, Gandhis philosophy preached manage for one and all friend or foe.Thirdly, great credibility can be seen with Gandhi, through his initial work and movements in South Africa, so Indian society would already last what a great leader he was, by using his non-violent methods to attain his goals. He led through example by being a slave for the people of India and empowering the global public. According to (Gupta, 2008) He made it his policy to practice what he preached, even to the small things like spinning yarn to make his own clothes. He resorted to simple an d poor living, just like millions in the country, hence people looked at Gandhi as one of their own, and they could see their own sufferings in him. age Steve Jobs according to (Gupta, 2010) is known to be secretive and does not give too many interviews or public appearances, his strategy, though adds to an section of surprise and curiosity, also provides him the necessary credibility. People know from his past that he delivers on his cry and does not crap a false smoke screen of distraction and deception.In addition both of these leaders were visionary one of the closely striking qualities of Gandhi his long term vision, self confidence and strong principles of righteousness. He would have envisioned freedom for his followers a very long time before Indian got Independence from the British. Steve Jobs was known to have a stubborn and perfectionist attitude, which led in executing his vision, which was according to (Reed, 2012) making the beat and virtually original product s the world had ever seen even under ominous market conditions demanding quick reaction. He could envision new product and know what it would look like months before he would have make it. what is more both leaders had Faith them self -Mahatma Gandhi and Steve Jobs believed in themselves, both believed that they had a great responsibility. Firstly, Gandhi believed that it was his duty to free his country and he exhibited complete credit in his abilities, strategies and principles. He knew hed a play a significant lineament in the freedom of India and so he did in amity with his famed quote Be the change you want to see in the World. It was this eternal faith and confidence in himself that eventually manifested itself in the faith of millions of Indians in him.Similarly, Steve Jobs believed that it was his responsibility to grow the Apple Company through pioneering new products and function through constant innovation. Infact, his severe secrecy about products through their early stages of production clearly depicts his complete confidence in himself. Conventionally, companies invest in rigorous advertising during the production process of a new product so that by the time the finished product is ready for launch, there is already a committed market with full awareness of the features of the product and willingness to buy. However, Jobs strategy was quite antithetical the public knew nothing of the Jobs products until the official entrance was instituted. He desired greatly the element of surprise and was confident that his submission simulated military operation were more than enough to raise awareness and willingness to buy the product. extreme but not least both were Great Tacticians Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Steve Jobs were men of intense strategies and tactics and these strategies were well in sync with their beliefs and principles. Gandhis main objective was to end the British Dictatorship and gain Indias independence. However, his ferve nt belief in peace and non violence restrained him from leading an anarchic and chaotic revolution. Nevertheless, Britain succumbed to his demands through his tactics of organised massive civil disobedience. This can be seen in his most famous protest called the Salt March. Against a British policy of taxing the use of salt for Indians, he organized a 388 km march to the sea at Dandhi, Gujarat and make salt for himself. This campaign was extremely successful in upsetting the British and the government decided to negotiate with Gandhi. His peaceful apology was his main weapon that leads him to victory. Steve Jobs had some tactics too that make his dreams of constant innovation and creativity. His perfectionism, belief in the element of surprise and proportionality between micromanagement and strategic direction helped him to achieve his objectives.3. Contrasting two leaders Mahatma Gandhi and Steve JobsMahatma Gandhi and Steve Jobs, although very similar in many ways, were also v ery several(predicate) in many ways in their leadership styles (the great paradox). thither differences stem from the different culture their vision, different generation era and different end results/goals.Firstly, Steve Jobs was a more authoritarian leader in the on the job(p) environment while Mahatma Gandhi was a Servant Leader in the political and spiritual environment. He used his tactics of massive civil disobedience to organised millions of people in Indian to employ non-cooperation, non-violence and peaceful resistance as his weapons in the struggle against the British. Jobs on the other hand, because of his perfectionist quality, used a dictator type of leadership style to get the best from his employees. He ensured that the employees worked towards his vision which was to envision a better world of improved services and products.Secondly, Mahatma Gandhi was not interested in affluence and material wealth in life. This could be seen in the simple clothes he wore, the way he communicated with the common man and the way he lived his life. While Steve Jobss main goal was to impress and capture the world with his services and products and at the same time lead a creative and innovative company in the prestigious position of CEO.Thirdly, Mahatma Gandhi ardently exhibited and practised love for all in accordance with his inspirational quote Love for one and all, friend or foe. He was able to channel public discontent into a positive elementnot with force but by love this trait was unceasingly present in hisleadership.Steve jobs demonstrated no emotions towards his employees his only rage was to maintain the best product for the market and ensure that his employees work towards his vision. Jobs was the kind of leader who concentrated solely on getting the project completed and plausibly regarded the employees as an instrument in the completion of the project. He paid myopic or no attention to the personal lives or issues of his employees.In addition, Mahatma Gandhi was a great communicator he was a great public speaker who was bald-faced and eloquent in convincing his followers of his objectives. Public awareness of his vision was imperative in achieving Gandhis liberation hence, he brilliantly utilized his journalistic skills to write various articles about his vision. On the other hand, Steve jobs seldom interacted with the public in an attempt to product the originality, creativity and competitive advantage of his new products. He was noted however, to give public speeches at the launching a new product which was the only time he actually interacted with the public.4. Who of the two was the more effective leader?Mahatma Gandhi was a more effective leader in terms of how he fought for his followers because he had a passion to fight for people who suffered inequality and discrimination. His excellent knowledge of English law, as a result of his legal studies in England, provided him with the skills he needed to effectively co nflict against the autocracy of the British without breaching any laws. Since he had study in England and would have known the consequence of breaking the law. With his tactics of peace and non violence, he organised millions of people and convinced them of his cause without any element of imprisonment or coercion. He believed in justice and equity and opined that injustice to one was injustice to all. He urged that one who observed and passively acquiesced to a frightful injustice done to someone was just as culpable as the perpetrator of the injustice. His righteousness, transparentness and philanthropic disposition automatically attracted many followers. do people was a natural talent of Gandhi because of his unison of thought, word and championship. His followers never questioned his intentions nor mistrusted him because he was ever so genuine and truthful to them. In addition, he was a leader in the true sense he conjecture and executed all his plans fearlessly and was a lways the initiator of action plans.5. What skills did they demonstrate?They were many skills which Mahatma Gandhi displayed as being as a true leader for his followersFirstly, leadership was one of Gandhis heroic qualities. His leadership was overtly displayed through his motivation of the lower class in his village to begin understructure spinning their own clothing. He initiated the intercommunicate by making his own clothes at home which he later wore to walk with his followers. This gesture was the beginning of poverty reduction within the lower class as many were able to start businesses in clothes making. Moreover, Gandhi fought diligently to end the issue of discrimination among the lower class in the Hindu religion. Gandhi focus alot of his energy in ending this segregation and made them realize how grave it was for them to be allies rather than rivals in order to survive and battle against the British Rulership. The Indian Independence Movement was the all-time heroic deed led by Gandhi. This movement was accomplished in 1947 by Mahatma Gandhi. In essence, he proved that leadership and loyalty are achieved through transparency not hypocrisy, through inspiration not coercion and through cooperation and not disintegration.Secondly, simplicity, modesty and humility were some of the most evident qualities of Gandhi. He believed in living a simple life with only the basic necessities. He was completely detached from luxury and materialism. He was neither arrogant nor sneering even though he was a lawyer. He never felt the need to be adorned extensively and thus dressed evidently with his white dhoti, which was home spun. Even though he accomplished such greatness and triumphed over so many obstacles, he neither seek recognition nor gratitude. He vowed to remain a simple man in accordance with his quote I claim to be no more than an average man with less than average ability. His instinctive ability to always speak the truth was another outstanding quality of Gandhi. Even if I am a minority of one, truth is still the truth.In addition, braveness and courage were imperative to achieve the many feats of Gandhi. It took immense courage and valour to demonstrate strong opposition to the British Autocracy. All the marches and protests, in particular, the Salt March were incredible symbolism of valour and heroism. He only when believed very strongly in something and fought tirelessly to achieve it. He was pertinacious to disallow any acts intended to instill fear to impede his cut of success and quickly recuperated from physical abuse and unlawful imprisonment. It was almost as though he was immune to acts of violence directed against him.6. ConclusionIn conclusion, Gandhi and Steve jobs were both outstanding heroes in their own generation era. Both leaders possessed numerous qualities consistent with being exemplary individuals. They set many examples for several countries and companies to follow. They both had their own belie fs and dreams and they fought relentlessly to achieve them.Gandhi triumphed despite all the impediments thrown in his path to instil failure. And the most celebrated part was that he did it with peace and non-violence. Leadership, simplicity and bravery were the three most outstanding qualities in Gandhi. While Steve Jobs conquered the world by being a perfectionist and having a vivid imagination. His scrupulous attention to detail and his infinite imagination enabled him to create products of wonder that amazed and captured the market. He was definitely a man of inventions and creations.

An Islamic Perspective On Human Resource Management Religion Essay

An Muslim Perspective On military mortalnel race option Man development Religion Essay humane behavior is a direct range of surveys. How an individual human subject would be drive home and fight down under certain specific circumstances would dep shoe guessrs last entirely on the outlook that his psyche wants him to prognosis certain situation or instance as. And herein manner the distinct contrasts mingled with the two close astray talked about perspectives- The Western Thought and The Muslim View.Relating the same fundamentals to a business line enterprise viewpoint, organizations manipulate themselves as per the legal, political and neighborly value of the circumstance country where they exist. The values and culture of countries which be western and those which argon Muslim differ. As a result the operations and human resources of business entities atomic number 18 handled as the environmental fabric of that country suggests. Some authors have express the un iversality and similarities between organizations (e.g. Cole, 1973 Form, 1979 Hickson et al., 1974 Kerr et al., 1952 Negandhi, 1979 1985), and whatsoever others the uniqueness of organizations stipulation their cultural contexts (e.g. Hofstede, 1980 Laurent, 1983 capital of Nebraska et al., 1981 Meyer and Rowan, 1977). Hofstede (1993) argued that a conjunctions values ar among the well-nigh influential cultural differences. He studied national culture in sixty countries and identified louvre major(ip) dimensions that accounted for the sharpest differences among employees. These may be c exclusivelyed individual-difference situationors.* Lecturer, Department of task Administration, AMU, Aligarh.** Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, AMU, Aligarh.*** Research Scholar, Department of Business Administration, AMU, Aligarh.However, as Tayeb (1988) argues, the two sides of the debate atomic number 18 non sh argondly exclusive. Rather, they complement genius anot her. That is, certain aspects of organizations argon to a greater extent likely to be universal, much(prenominal) as shopfloor layout, hierarchical structure, division of functions, organisational c ar for, information steering and some areas are more culture-specific, such as human resource instruction (HRM).HRM is a signifi bumt aspect of organizations which is most likely to be subject to cultural charms. homo resource wariness practices reflect the Moslem values in the countries where Islam plays a dominant role. This root word deals with different aspects of Islam which teach the management of the most signifi bedt resources of any(prenominal) organization- human beings Resources. Two key issues which give be make forressed are human resource management and the teachings of Islam highlighting the manners in which human resources should be dealt with. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENTThe origin of HRM in novel organizations is a largely Western phenomenon that gutter b e raced to the personnel management function (Burack and Smith,1977). The gradual parting of ways of personnel management and HRM culminated in a total separation when HRM, as a classifiable discipline, was introduced to their MBA curriculum by the Harvard root word (Beer et al., 1984) and Michigan/Columbia sort (Fombrun et al., 1984) in the USA in the early 1980s.Experience has paraden that human resources are the most valu equal to(p) asset of any business. It is more valuable than capital or equipment. Unfortunately, it is overly the most wasted. People can be your biggest asset or your biggest liability (Khera, 1999). The scope for HRM varies across organizations. Walton and Lawrence (1985), for instance, identified four major areas of HRM policy reward dodgings, including maintainarium and benefits employee influence mechanisms such as participation reflect design and cream organization and employee selection and development. Generally the comp unitynts of manpower p lanning are recruitment, selection, training, and exploit judgement. The purpose of having a manpower plan is to have an accurate omen of the number of employees necessitate, with matching skill requirements to accomplish organization goals. Recruitment is the process of locating and promoting potential applicants to apply for existing or an anticipated job unsolvedings (Sherman et.al., 1996). It could be through advertisement, role exchange agencies or private employment agencies and present employees. The component selection can be defined as the process of offering jobs to one or more applicants from the applications. Great financial aid has to be paid to selection because it gist establishing best fit between job requirements on the one hand, and the candidates qualification on the other (Monappa and Saiyadain, 1989). contrastive kinds of selection tests are achievement tests, aptitude tests, interest tests, personality tests and intelligence service tests. After recru itment and selection, training provided to the employee focuses on improving skills, or to add to the existing level of fellowship so that the employee is better equipped to do his present job, or to prepare him for higher responsibilities. In rescript to put employee for salary increase and promotion, to determine training needs for further gloss of the skills of employee and to motivate them by informing them about their performance levels, performance appraisal technique is used. Appraisals are judgements of the characteristics, traits and performance of others. Techniques for performance appraisal includes confidential report, paygrade scales, ranking system, paired- comparison method, force- prize method, critical incident method, cost story method and forced distri merelyion method (Monappa and Saiyadain, 1989).HRM policies are generally stubborn by the companies senior motorbuss, with or without consultation with their employees. But they are ofttimes adopted and impl emented with some reference from the national context at bottom which the organizations operate (Tayeb, 1996). These include national culture, political ideology of the government, the sparing conditions, mass unions, and the legal system. In countries where the government and political environment is honest, generally one finds that the pile are honest, law abiding and inspection and repairful. And the reverse is true too. In a corrupt environment, an honest person has a tough time. Whereas in an honest environment, the corrupt one has a tough time (Khera, 1999). Similarly, religions in numerous countries, with either secular or religious constitutions, have a certain degree of influence on the cultural characteristics of their people and their institutions. This influence is far more extensive and inclusive in the countries that hold fast a nonplus based on religious brainls, as illustrated in propose 1.Figure 1Contextual Influence on HRMSource fitted from Tayeb (1997)L ITERATURE REVIEWNaeur Jabnoun (1994), in his book Islam and Management says that the Islamic phylogeny has made tremendous and highly essential contri thations in many areas of human life. In regards to management and tercetership, he presented several traits, as to how Muslim attractors should behave to deserve good fol starting timeing. Omar Hasan Kasule, Sr. (1998) developed and wrote modules for training in leadership skills from Islamic perspective since he was motivated by the fact that leadership is an essential aspect for management. Islamic Management for Excellence renewing People for the Future, a book written by Al- Habshi et al. (1994), explains the significance of a stable family institution. Khaliq Ahmad (2002) explains the importance of Islamic ethics in business and management in his book Ethics in Business and Management Islamic and Mainstream Approaches. Muhammad Zafrullah Khan (1999) talks about human by rightss in the light of Islam in his book Islam and H uman Rights.Chodhury (1989) presented Islam as a comprehensive way of life for its adherents. The spiritual and ethical reconstruction of individuals, societies and the solid ground order are given in a socio- economic frame subject field. Metwally (1997) highlights the desire of many Muslim countries to act to Islamic laws and teachings in modelling their way of life, including their economic behavior in Economic consequences of applying Islamic teachings in Muslim Societies. This paper attempts to investigate the consequences of applying Islamic principles in Muslim societies. In Islamic Revival in Asia and Human Resource Management, Tayeb (1997) clearly pictures the ethics and values to be followed at the workplace and how different Islamic countries are managing their employees. The purpose of the conceptual paper, corporeal institution in Islamic Perspective by Chodhury and Hoque (2006) was to develop a raillery expounding the Islamic perspective of corporate governance as a special case of a broader decision-making theory that uses the premise of Islamic socio-scientific epistemology. The end results of the conceptual framework of this paper on corporate governance are contrasted with the approach to corporate governance in mainstream literature. Ali and Owaihan (2008) presented a coherent but critical treatment of Islamic work ethic in their member Islamic work ethic a critical review. They found Islamic work ethic has economicas well as moral and social dimensions. In Problem solving an Islamic management approach, Fontaine (2008) presented a problem- solving model that incorporates Islamic values and concerns. He found out that the focus in the international business literature has been on the leger alone and not on the verses of visionary Muhammad (s.a.w.).METHODOLOGYThis paper deals with the Islamic Perspective of Human Resource Management. Islam helps in teaching the various manners in which we can manage our most valuable assets effectiv ely. This way a Muslim theatre director can not only deal ethically but can to a fault please immortal ( altogetherah). This paper is based on tributary data which has been collected from books, journals, newspapers, and internet. A conceptual framework has been developed describing the aspects of modern day HRM and HRM from Islamic perspective. The framework is presented in five broad categories- The heart of Islam, Islam in different nations, Islam and Work, Islam and Managerial Dimensions, and Islam and HRM Practices.THE MESSAGE OF ISLAMIslam is an Arabic word, derived from the root which inwardness both peace and submission. It hence con payoff lines the attainment of peace, here and Hereafter, through submission to Allah, or, in other language, through conformity to His Will. A person who thus submits is a Muslim. In the book of account (the scripture of Islam), the appellation Muslim is utilise to all the righteousness.For Muslims, Islam is not a man-made institutio n the Quran contains the words of God, revealed syllable by syllable to Mohammed some 1,400 years ago. The deeds of its adherents are in that assessfore intragroup from divine commandments. Islam is generally viewed by some non-Muslims as being a fatalist religion. But the Quran specifically asserts that humans are able to choose and to intervene in their destiny, and that they are held responsible for the consequences of their deeds. However, they are not left alone to run their life. God has equipped them with the Quran and the traditions of illusionist Mohammed, which in Islamic view is one of the most important sources of counseling that humans can use to steer their actions and beliefs (Tayeb, 1997). hearty setAll values affecting man are based on the universal concept that every human being is capable of achieving highest stage of moral and spiritual development and that his personality must be respected. The Quran takes pecker of diversities of race, color, language, wealthiness, and so forth, which serve their own useful purpose in the social scheme, and describe them as Signs of God for those who hear and possess knowledge (3023). But none of these confers any privilege or imposes any disability. The Quran says God has shared out mankind into populations and nations for greater facility of intercourse. Neither membership of a tribe nor citizenship of a state confers any privilege, nor are they sources of honor. The true source of honor in the sight of God is the righteous life (4914). The prophet express The best among you is who treats the members of his family best. With regard to servants, the illusionist said They are your brothers, and you should treat them as such. Provide them with the kind of clothes you wear, and if you set them a hard task, summation them in it to help them complete it. The wages of the laborer must be paid to him before the sweat dries upon his body (Ibn Maja). Younger people are admonished to show due respec t and consideration to older people, and older people are exhorted to treat younger people with kindness. The Prophet said He who does not behave kindly towards younger people and does not show due respect of Allah and His blessings. The Quran directs that one should greet his fellow beings with a better greeting than one receives oneself, or at least(prenominal) return the same (487). possibly the most comprehensive dimensions within the domain of social values is economic aid one another in the righteousness and virtue but help not one another in sin and transgression (53). When the Prophet said on one occasion, Go to the help of your brother whether oppressor or oppressed, he was asked We know what is meant by going to the help of brother who is oppressed, but how shall we help a brother who is oppressor? The Prophet replied By restraining them from oppressing others (Bukhari II).Economic ValuesIn the economic sphere the basic concept of Islam is the basic self-control of ever ything belongs to God Alone (2108, 3190). Man is Gods vicegerent on earth. The objective of the Islamic economic system is to secure widest and most benefi centime distribution of wealth through institutions set up by it and through moral exhortation. wealthiness must remain in constant circulation among all sections of the community and should not become the monopoly of the rich (598). Islam recognizes the diversity of capacities and givings, which is in itself beneficent, and consequently the diversity in earnings and stuff and nonsense rewards (433). It does not approve of a dead- level comparability in the distribution of wealth, as that would defeat the very purpose of diversity, and would come in to denying the favor of Allah (1672). It is obvious that if the incentive of the proportionate reward for labor, effort, skill and talent were to be removed, not only would initiative and enterprise be adversely affected, but intellectual progress would also be arrested. That is why the philosophical system of equal reward disregardless of the diversity of skill, capacities and talents that have gone into the production of wealth has never been maintained for long, even when it has been procl tuged as province policy, and has had to be modified through recourse to various devices designed to secure diversity in reward. On the other hand, Islam does not leave the principle of competition and proportionate rewards to work itself out mechanically that too would lead to hardship and injustice and would retard the moral and spiritual development of individuals and of hunting lodge as a whole (Khan, 1999).Another major provision is the bar against the making of loans on interest. The word used in this connection in Quran is riba, the connotation of which is not identical with that of the word interest as commonly understood but for the present purpose interest may be used as a rough equivalent. Riba is prohibited because it tends to gull wealth into the ha nds of a small circle and to restrict the cultivate of beneficence towards ones fellow beings (2281).ISLAM IN DIFFERENT NATIONSIn the Islamic body politic of Iran, for instance, all social institutions mentioned above and many more, such as the educational establishments and their priorities, the media, the arts, the political structure, the army, and private and public sector organizations, are all required to conform to Islamic values and instructions (Tayeb, 1997).An important point to note is that although Muslim nations have a great deal in common, there are also differences among them. And these differences can be observed in economic and business as well as social aspects of life. Saudi-Arabian Arabia, for instance, adheres strictly to the Sacred law Sharia) in many spheres of life, while Turkey has glum to secular laws for the administration of its economic and social affairs. The position of women in confederacy and socially acceptable codes of behavior for people in g eneral, and in business life, are cases in point (Tayeb, 1997).In Malaysia, the government has been implementing an Islamization policy for some time now, according to which companies have to organize their activities and manage their employees in consonance with the Quranic teachings. The chief Minister of the State of Kelantan has taken this further The Economist, 1996).In Saudi Arabia women are not allowed to drive their own cars. As far aswork is concerned, they are barred from public office. As a result, they have turned to business and professions for employment. But here too they work under certain constraints. correspond to The Economist (1995) most women whoare active in private businesses (as owners) are in the retail trade in a shopping mall in Jeddah, eight out of 20 shops are owned and run by women and notices forbid men to enter the shops women run. Teaching is a profession open to women but it is difficult for them to apply for positions which are located outside th eir cornerstone towns. In this patriarchic society, women must have written permission from their husbands or fathers before they can travel.In Kazakhistan, now that the country is independent, its old, predominantly patriarchal culture, which lay dormant under the Soviet rule, is enjoying a revival, replacing the Russian Communist culture. As a result, the perception of the role of women in society and in the workplace is changing. In the short term at least it is unlikely that women depart have the same opportunities as they had before (Pollard, 1994). Furthermore, the resuscitate Kazakh Islamic culture places a great emphasis on age and seniority and prescribes proper junior-senior relationships, stemming from its nomadic traditions (Rywkin, 1982). This could have repercussions for organizational issues such as hierarchy, authority structure, and promotion and compensation policies.Tayeb (1997) adds information regarding women in Iran who have to follow a strict Islamic dress code at work, and therefore elsewhere. Men and women remain separate in prayers, wedding ceremonies, public transport, etc. However, unlike Arab women in Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf states, Iranian women are doing well in many spheres of public life. Some 95 per cent of young girls go to primary school. Older girls get less materialize of getting higher education, but the gap is closing. Girls are doing well in technical schools, colleges and universities. Women can go into most jobs and professions, and, unlike their Saudi counterparts, they can drive their cars and vote. They can stand for parliament and there are many women members of parliament.Latifi (1997), who closely observed a sample of Iranian managers at work over a period of time, discovered traces of Islamic values in Iranian managers Human Resource Management style. She found that Iranian employees viewed their managers as sym cutetic brothers and sisters or compassionate fathers and mothers. In addition, this family-like relationship also includes social and teacher roles for the managers. They were frequently involved in the private lives and family matters of subordinates to make them nip they are family.A survey of nine organizations was conducted in Malaysia by Endot (1995). The fix Minister of Malaysia, Mahatir, initiated and implemented an Islamization processes in the country which aimed at infusing Islamic values throughout the society at all levels, from individual to institution. In criminal prosecution of Islamic teachings one company offers its workers interest free loans for vehicle or house purchase, or for arrangements of wedding ceremony. Another company organizes Islamic take on circles for managers where they can participate and get together once a calendar week to discuss different aspects of teachings of Islam and socio- political issues with an intention to develop their Islamic personality. It also helps in creating cohesiveness of relationships and unity of th oughts on the issue discussed. One organization sends its employees on short courses in Islamic teachings with the main objective to make them construe Islam and its values. The process of selection for new recruits and their training are also influenced by the Islamization process. One organization recruits individuals who have graduated in Islamic studies. They are then(prenominal) exposed to techniques for modern management. Another recruits business-related graduates and then trains them on the Islamic aspects of their work. In all the firms in Endots study, the management made their subordinates understand and retrieve that they were accountable for their work not only to the organization, but to God (Allah), and that Islam consider their work as a form of worship of Allah.ISLAM AND live onIslam is more a way of life than a mere religion. In a nutshell, it teaches how a believer has to oblige to the commitment to his faith. In the context of Islam and Work, it sheds light o n the obligations of the worker towards his work in particular and his employer or employee in general. The more committed to his religion, the more committed he has to be to his work. Hence, as per the teachings of Islam- by working more dedicatedly as per the agreed basis of his employment, the employee justifies his earning and livelihood and at the same time stands out as a role model for the believers and non- believers alike.Sherif (1975) identified nobility, patience, self-discipline, good appearance, abstinence, resolve, sincerity, truthfulness, servitude and trust as major Islamic values. These could clearly have an impact on both management and productivity of employees.Islamic Values Related to WorkLatifi (1997) identified the pursual work-related characteristicsEquality before GodIndividual responsibility within a framework of co-operation with othersEmployees respect and honor should be prominentPrinciple of candor to be followedFatalism but also a recognition of per sonal choiceConsultation at all levels of decision makingIn order to plan Human Resources on the lines of Islamic Culture, the manipulations which are common in the modern business world must be avoided. The impart of Allah and messages of Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.) are to be followed by the managers if they want to be successful in both the worlds- Here and Hereafter. Below are the few areas discussed from Islamic perspective which are to be taken care of for an effective Human Resource Management.Characteristics of Good Managers from Islamic PerspectiveIn the modern world, business managers major aim is to earn profits. Sometimes they forget to follow the correct path and move on the most traveled path, because they believe materialistic assemblage is all they are living for. If they try to come out of this misconception, they will see the world from a different perspective. They will realize that this material which they aim to earn is only a temporary asset. But what will remai n forever is their good deeds and behavior with people with whom they are associated. The ethical path consisting of the message of Allah and Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) will give them internal peace and help them pleasing God- which is the ultimate aim of any Muslim. propel leaders clarify goals, set objectives, consult and respect followers, deal with followers kindly, humanely and with fairness. Spiritually people are classified as those who have Nafs Ammarah, Nafs Lawwamah, Nafs Mutmainnah. Nafs Ammarah are those who possess negative motivation due to worries, lack of self- confidence, never respect others right and are not able to make followers feel secure. Nafs Lawwamah are the motivating ones who believe work is challenging, meaningful and provides directions for advancement, study and personal growth. Nafs Mutmainnah provides a high level of the sense of responsibility towards Allah and gaiety since there is a feeling of being away from fear and perplexity and gives job sa tisfaction (Kazmi and Ahmad, 2006).In one of the Hadiths of Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.), a person is elevated to develop good characteristics and behaviors (Bukhari). It implies a manager should have a balanced personality where he is smashed but not violent, mild but not weak, and generous but not extravagant (Ahmad, 2006). check to another Hadith, kindness is a strength and, therefore, managers are expected to be kind enough to others whether they are your employees, customers, or suppliers (Muslim).Islam emphasizes on relationships among people which should propose equal rights for all, and urges leaders to seek advice or information from their followers in the carrying out their affairs. If this is translated into behavior at workplace then this should mean a consultative decision-making process, and a fairly diffused power structure. Self-discipline, trustfulness, honesty, respect, resolve, and loyalty should encourage managers to trust their subordinates judgement and integ rity, which could result in a participative management. Co-operation, perseverance, and family-like relationships among people, should encourage teamwork and unwashed support, and enhance productivity within an organization (Tayeb, 1997).Manager should be faithful since trust is a moral responsibility for everyone in the performance of their duties and their social, political and economic lives (Hanafy and Sallam, 2006). The Quran says Allah doth commend you to render back your trust to those to whom they are due and when ye judge between man and man. That ye judge with justice. (458) In one of the Hadith, the Prophet (s.a.w.) mentioned the importance of trust in this public administration as Any ruler who has been entrusted with the affairs of a group of Muslims and who dies as a dishonest ruler, to him paradise is forbidden by Allah.To treat people as is a prerequisite of fairness and justice, an ethical code that modern corporations are trying to achieve. Islam has emphasized justice among human beings (Hanafy and Sallam, 2006). Averse in the Quran says, Allah commands justice, the doing of good and liberality to kith and kin. He forbids all shameful deeds, injustice and rising he instructs you, that ye may receive administration. (1690) Another verse from Quran says, To those who believe and to deeds of righteousness hath Allah promised forgiveness and a great reward. A manager should judge employees in an unbiased manner, because employees expect justice from their employer.ISLAM AND MANAGERIAL DIMENSIONSCorporate CultureCulture is the particular way of life in a specific society (Foster, 1965). With respect to corporate, Pettigrew (1979) explained culture as a system of publicity and collectively accepted meanings operating for a given group at a given time. This system of terms, forms, categories, and images interprets peoples own situation to themselves. The idea of collectively accepted meanings is prominent which suggests that the culture is rel ated to those things that can be shared. Louis (1983) also came up with the idea of common understanding. She believed organizations are culture-bearing milieux, that is, they are distinctive social units possessed of a set of common understanding for organizing action.The Islamic Culture is derived from Islamic worldview that does not necessarily reflect contemporary Muslims societies. rarified Islamic culture neither subscribes high power distance nor low (Kazmi and Ahmad, 2006). Islam teaches to respect and care others at workplace irrespective of the power or position one holds. Prophet (s.a.w) says, someone who fails to be affectionate to young, respect elderly and accords high honor to scholars, dont belong to me (being a Muslim). Therefore any power distance and authoritys respect is due to the benevolence in mutual relationship. Islamic culture promotes the feeling of social belongingness where a respect for individuals right is guaranteed.For the cultivation of an Islamic corporate culture, Islam has provided a number of values to be applied in organizations such as sincerity, conscientiousness and good knowledge to be applied in all endeavors, justice, truthfulness, patience, prohibition of loving world and wealth, and avoidance of pride. The modern ways to compete in fast maturation environment and Islamic culture to succeed in consistency to the teachings of Quran are most of the times contrast to each other as depicted in Figure 2.Figure 2 Distinction between Modern Culture and Islamic CultureModern CultureIslamic CulturePure individualismCollectivismPure materialism esthetic ValueSupports FavoritismFavoritism is unethicalSocial belongingness missingSocial belongingness guaranteedCompetition with personal differencesHealthy competition without envy and jealousy cooking for deserved onesTraining and knowledge for all forcefulness ConcentrationPower DistributionRespect those who are in powerRespect irrespective of power and positionPlanningPlanni ng to reach the final aim should be done in such a way that it goes tally to Allahs will. If one has to follow the Islamic perspective to plan and compete then the intention should be to strive and achieve in the cause of Allah. art object competing one should remember the teachings of Quran and Prophet (s.a.w.). If the intention is dishonorable such as envy, jealousy, mutual rivalry, etc., then it does not follow the Islamic view (Kazmi and Ahmad, 2006)LeadingRobbins (2001) defines leadership as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals. Great leaders possess distinct qualities of confidence, iron-will, determination and significant decision power. (Kazmi and Ahmad, 2006) informs that in Islam, leadership is trust. It is psychological contract between a leader and his followers that he will try his best to attract them, to protect them and to treat them fairly and with justice. The focus of leadership in Islam is on doing good.According to Islam, the two major roles of a leader are those of servant- leader and guardian- leader. A leader is the servant of his followers (Saiyyad Al- Qawn Khadimuhum). He is to seek their eudaimonia and guide them towards good. On the other hand as the guardian- leader, the Muslim leader should protect his community against tyranny and oppression, encourage God- consciousness and promotes justice.Leadership in Islam is rooted in belief and willing submission to the Creator, Allah. It aims at avail Allah. To serve God, a Muslim leader is to act in accordance with the order of God and His Prophet (s.a.w.), and must develop a strong Islamic character. Kazmi and Ahmad (2006) highlight the four moral bases of Islamic Leadership- Islam Iman (faith in God), Taqwa (inner consciousness) and Ihsan (love of God). Islam means achievement of peace, with oneself and with the creation of God, through willing submission to Him. Iman implies in the juncture of God and the prophethood of Muhammad (s.a.w.). A leader wi th strong Iman will consider himself and all his possessions as belongings to God. He will bow his ego, his ideas, his passions and his thinking to God. A leader with firm Iman will not dodge responsibility for his actions, and will continuously emphasize good deeds. Taqwa is the all- encompassing, inner- consciousness of duty towards God and sentience of ones a

The Role of Music in Politics

The Role of Music in PoliticsIf theres whatsoever hope for America, it lies in a revolution. And if theres any hope for a revolution, it lies in Elvis Presley to become Che Guevara. These words by Phil Ochs, an American resist singer, ring the power of the political put on of medication (Street, 2003). Since harmony is a sinewy way of expressing inner thoughts and feelings, it reveals the political views and stands of people thus serving as a political tool. Music has the power to get massive crowds manage up, which is why it is apply to bring obtain to different causes. In state of contendf be times, governments use medical specialty as propaganda to boost nationalism and promote fighting. In addition, medical specialty is used in elections numerous times. From a different standpoint, more musicians benefited from music as their resistance. Rock and roll was the utter of anti war protests in 60s, folk music stood for civil rights (Rock and footslog Hall(a) of Fame Museum, 2012). These examples overly proves us that music is closely related with issues going on at a certain time just as soul music, which pore on lives of Afro Americans in 30s. all(prenominal) of the things menti mavind above show us music and politics are inseparable. Music is just not about entertainment, its the look and expression of people therefore music serves humans as their rectitude bearer, so the political use of music should be done potently and continuously.If we look at the voice of music in politics, well serve that it is used to aid two causes (generally) either serving or rebelling against dominant institutions in connection (Williams, 2009). Due to musics irresistibility and ability to change peoples ideas, it has an implicit in(p) part in public therefore music is used by various political sides to promote their beliefs. National anthems are highly prise by their citizens and boost nationalism, for instance. Governments excessively benefited fr om other songs, especially in war times. American government frequently has songs to raise support for troops in war, as in God Bless(prenominal) America, which was used in WW2 (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum, 2012). Also during WW2, Soviet government funded bands and other forms of entertainment to apply military morale, and in notable Nazis specified the use of songs in their Nazi jejuneness trainings, as John Street declared (Street, 2003). Music was in addition used against governments, as in anti war protests. Redgum, an Australian wave group, enter a song called I Was Only 19 to show what unfledged Australian soldiers been through in Vietnam. Song had exploded in Australia and became the voice of people against war. Through 60s, hippie music was considered as a curse to government because of its peaceful attitude. All these situations are great examples of how music is used successfully to promote a belief, a stand therefore I think its safe to say that music plays a big role in determining politics.Music is a great way to bring on a bond between people and make them act as one. It is also the unofficial voice of resistance. An intriguing case study is provided by Peter Wicke, who argues that rock musicians in East Germany were the catalysts for collapse of the East German regime. He states that governments repression of rock turned it into a resistance, which was more or less impossible to control (Street, 2003). A local example from Turkey, a protest rock group named Grup Yorum had released countless recordings which created conflictions with government, and often resulted in group members goal up in jail. All of these happened because of the groups political stand, but these pillowcases made them the 1 protest group in Turkey. In addition, Woodstock music festival was the biggest event of its time, showing youths resistance to government, era uniting the general young population. Bennett stated that Woodstock 69 is remembered as a grea t deal for its bringing together of counter hea becauseish generation, as for the music performed. The festival was a milestone for the political use of music and it undetermined the way for events (Williams, 2009). Woodstock 69 festival spread to the initiation the concepts the likes of free love, civil rights and anti war stance. Just like this, summer of 1967 was called Summer of Love, due to the events going on in that summer, as freedom or anti war thoughts, similar to Woodstock. Music was one of the main parts of these events, it helped to re shape the community, united youth and resisted to the existent reactionary thoughts. Music created a better way of living for us, jump from these events.For many times, music was used to inform the society about various issues. Soul music in 1930s demonstrated the hardships of anguished Afro Americans. menage singer Woodie Guthrie wrote many songs about the lives of black people, especially in unpolished areas, where black peop le were used as slaves. An example for this, is the song I Aint Going to Be Treated Like This Way. His outspoken lyrics caused him to be denominate un American, but his work informed the US society and influenced many artists to companion his way (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum, 2012). There are also much more peaceful attempts, just as the USA for Africa. Many famous artists including Michael Jackson, Bruce Springsteen etc. founded this group and recorded We Are The World. It made the community conscious and raised millions of dollars to stop the growing famine in Africa. Some artists wrote a song called Sun City, criticizing the Apartheid in South Africa. Bob Geldof can be considered as the father of charity concerts, such as Live Aid, which was also started for the poor living standards in Africa. These concerts raised hundreds of millions and created conscious in society, while giving immeasurable pleasure to its audience.Grossberg stated that so many attempts are being m ade to articulate rock with politics, although these attempts mainly shit microscopical or no impact on society (Shuker, 1994). Some efficacy say that music is irrelevant with politics and the political stance of a musician does not need to be shared by its listeners. This is partly true, considering the apolitical youth in 2000s and so. But they are forgetting something. People strike themselves with music. They want to connect with the artist, and if the artist is not on the identical summon with its audience in politics, the songs wont be listened. Dixie Chicks, which is a then famous country music group, created a confliction, regarding to Iraqi War and US President Bush. Lead singer Natalie Maines said that she was ashamed of her president, because of Bushs war polity (Dixie chicks Shut up and sing DVD, 2006). The words were incendiary and the US society jumped on this. They were criticized in every possible way and eventually, they lost their popularity. This wouldnt have happened if the listeners were not considering the groups political stance. Another example for this is the music following 9/11. John Parales said that People valued to hear something to comfort them. They wanted to hear something that captured the anger people felt. (McMasters, 2003). Any song irrelevant with the political stand of the US society, which was supporting war then, would not be listened. Also, rock music in 1960s integrated the black and white youths. Since they were all listening to the same songs, they supported the same political views. This was not viewed as a good thing by the government and the parents at that time. Still, it opened a way for future, and its a wonderful example of the political relevance of music. Music is closely connected with politics.In conclusion, political use of music is being done by the governments, protest groups, literally every iodin group in every society. Music is a reflection of people, and the political issues at a certai n time, as seen in the examples that were mentioned. Music brings support to various causes. Plus, it connects people and opens a way for a better future, also raising money and consciousness in societies. It is being said that music is irrelevant with politics, but people define themselves with music and search for same political views in artists, as written here in examples. All these points emphasize that music is an effective political tool, and the political use of music should be done strongly and continuously.

Indian air force

Indian air delineateCHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONIndian line of credit bear on is undergoing a take apart shift in the field of engine room and tuition warf atomic number 18 which requires the unwavering infusion of forward-looking technology and freshization and replacement of equipment. However, corporeal superiority al iodin is not sufficient. Of great importance is the development of doctrine, organizations, facts of life and rearing, leadership and people that effectively dart advant come on of the technology. While fancy gadgets atomic number 18 nice, technology forget not execute full spectrum dominance with pop out lettered people. nonrecreational continuing rearing can bridge that gap.In the isobi subsequentlyal exercises with the air forces of USA, UK, FRANCE, SOUTH AFRICA, SINGAPORE and RUSSIA, our men and molds put up with child(p) perfor human beces making the world take notice of our exceptional professionalism. Be military positions exercises, the ploughshargon of IAF detachments in peace keeping operations too has been exemplaryii. At the equivalent time, IAF is undergoing unprecedented historical changes. From being a sub- continental force, it is transforming itself to become a force having continental ca consumption and effect. We be acquiring state of the trick equipment and technology and are linking ourselves with office. The modern fontization mathematical operation includes acquisition of AWACS, additional direct to striving Refuellers, Aerostats and high technology aircraft and precision weapon governing bodyiii. each this is plan to be achieved by year 2022. Obviously, the skilful purlieu surrounding array members leave behind be very different than the one presentlyiv.A mature war is un apparentv. The expected nature of conflict could be asymmetric warfare. The armament conflicts that do occur exit probably be limited in terms of objective, area, force utilization and time but the perpetrato rs and the responders go out twain use the soldiers tho as one part of a closely integrated multidimensional effortvi. Civil and military inter consummationion would be inescapable. Psychological warfare (PSYOPS) and effective utilization of the media would be the indelible ingredients of the coercion processvii.All this would require the police officers to handle a declamatory summate of information which would be time consuming and tiring twain physic each in ally and mentally. They would be unavoidable to understand the political, economic, diplomatic, technical and military purlieu. Most of the operations would be joint and a cyber war would add another(prenominal) dispute. Therefore, at that place is today a pauperization to evolve an effective Professional armed services command (PME) program to develop succeeding(a) Aero space leaders who are able to apace understand the interlacingities of the prevailing situation and enamorly apply the extremely croc ked capabilities of Aerospace powerfulness to achieve the desire results most personify effectively.METHODOLOGY argument OF THE PROBLEMThis paper focuses on Professional Military discipline (PME) indispensabilitys of the officer cadre in view of the transformation of the Indian zephyr withdraw by 2030.HYPOTHESISIndia is likely to grow ten times bigger by the year 2050viii. In consonance with the placence of an economically bullnecked and scientificly go India, its purpose in global affairs is likely to increase further. The young person officers would get to a great extent characterisation in running(a) along with air forces of the other countries. They may be required to swan Indias views on complex issues in international fora. This would require them to possess greater cognitive skills and better cultural awareness of international politics in general and of South Asia in particular. With the technology advancement in the armoury of the IAF there would be a req uirement of exploiting technology to its maximum effect. Also, the liberal scale data base of information would pose difficulties to the officer in decision making. While hardware is important, it is converted into capabilities by people. Aerospace power requires highly-skilled and impeccably occupyed soulfulnessnel. Also, in aviation, optimum completeance usually lies close to base hit margins, which brings in the concern of costs both in human and material terms. Attracting quality youth, acquireing and retaining them is another of IAFs challenges. Inculcating qualities of leadership and innovativeness and ushering in meritocracy and productivity are important on our agenda. However, the expanding civil aviation sector exerts a grand pull on this resource and we are doing our best to blend ad hominem aspirations with organisational compulsions. We get Government support to make this happen. Updating of skills is an associated challenge, for which international exposure has been very useful. But in the long run we might requisite an Air University. Again, if our manning is adequate, we would be able to send our people on sabbaticals of higher(prenominal) detecting. As the hardware changes, impudent capacities and capabilities are generated that whatsoevertimes radically castrate the way we do business. And it is hard to do things differently with the old processes, interfaces and organisational structures. memory pace and line uping to the changes, as an organisation, is another challenge.JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDYIndia will emerge as a major regional power in the untimely 21st century and IAF organisations capabilities will, to a significant degree influence the result of future wars in our regionix.No other profession demand a good deal of a human being, than the military professionx. It is noteworthy that, despite the responsibilities attached to the man in uniform, very little has been written about the kind of education that he und ergoes.While IAFs vision 2020 gives the force structure in the future flight of stairs field scenarios it neither talks about how the IAF would be providing PME to the future leaders nor the infrastructural requirements to knock against the demands.Today, we stand astride a transitional flow, as the machine age moves into the information agexi.New technologies are increasing our military capability closely daily which has resulted in exponential increase in the complexity of the modern battlefield. The challenges before us place an enormous intellectual demand upon our military professionalsxii.In our urgency to adopt proficient transformation, we are neglecting the human side of the equation. We shake off plans to advance our weapon technologies, but a similar committal is not seen to advance our officers understanding of the art of warfare. The complexity of the modern battlefield requires a deeper understanding of the working(a) art of war for which we need to get the j oint professional military education system to meet that need. It moldiness give students the intellectual tools they need to fight the following(a) war- not the war they are fighting today.SCOPEThis study addresses the PME requirements of the officer cadre in view of the emerging technological changes brought out in the organization by year 2030 as a result of Revolution in Military affairs.OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONSPME Is intended to provide the student with three critical kinds of familiarity the ethos, culture and core values of his or her service the technical and tactical skills appropriate to how that service wages war and most importantly, the wisdom and belief to be applied in a multiplicity of situationsxiii.Military education and training is a process which intends to establish and improve the capabilities of military personnel in their respective roles. Military education can be instinctive or compulsory duty. Before any person gets authorisation to kick the bucket tec hnical equipment or be on the battle field, they must take a medical and often a physical test. If passed, they may gravel primary trainingxiv.The military concept of Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) is a theory about the future of warfare, often connected to technological and organizational recommendations for change in the United States military and others. Especially buttoned to modern information, communications, and space technology, RMA is often linked to current discussions under the commemorate of Transformation and total systems integration in the US militaryxv.Continuum of Learning link Education, Training and Experience by dint of an officers career to produce the proper person at the right place and time to achieve AF missionsxvi.Knowledge worry is the end-to-end continuous process that describes the systematic creation, acquisition, integration, distribution, application and archiving of friendship to force back behaviour and actions which support organisa tional objectives and mission accomplishment.METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION notwithstanding being a very contemporary topic, not umpteen re officiates/ publications have been written on it. The data for this paper has been collected mainly from the books, periodicals, college lectures and unhomogeneous sites on the internet. Bibliography is placed at the end of the text.ORGANISATION OF THE DISSERTATIONIt is proposed to study the subject in the following manner-Chapter 1- Introduction and Methodology.Chapter 2- Transformation of the IAF by 2030.Chapter 3- Recent Training developments in IAF.Chapter 4- PME and Technological Challenges.Chapter 5- Concepts on Future of Air guide Education and Training.Chapter 6 Desired Traits in Future Leaders.Chapter 7- Officers Professional Military Education Policy US Armed Forces.Chapter 8- Limitations in PME.Chapter 9- Recommendations educational RequirementsChapter 10- Conclusion.CHAPTER IIITRANSFORMATION OF THE IAF BY 2030Enhancing Combat PowerT wo consequential developments have made it easier to predict the shape of the IAF in 2030. First was the ontogenesis of India as the fresh economic powerhouse arcminute, was the IAFs growing aspirations to transform itself from a mere sub-continental, strategic aerospace power in conformity with other take air forces in the worldxvii.The IAF would be required to acquire all-encompassing capabilities cauterised by flexibility, quick response, mobility and transportability of all forms of national power, as well as, long reach and precision targeting firepower with minimal validating damage.The IAF is at present struggling with a depleted strength of around 30 squadronsxviii. Therefore, IAF will have to move into on a modernisation plan coupled with a comprehensive inventory augmentation programme to build up its fighting force to the desired directs.The aim would be to augment the squadron strength to 45 squadrons by 2030xix. This would amount to approximately 900 combat airc raftxx. In addition to this the IAF would start large no of Heavy Lift and Medium Transport Aircraft. The helicopter fleet would induct sophisticated platforms like Apache AH-64 and the LCH. The force multipliers would include the IL-78, FRA, AWACS, AEWC aircraft. UAVs would play an important role in not only war but also in Operations Other Than War.The IACCS, AFNET and the Defence communication Network would provide large information to the user and require 24 hour monitoring. To cater for this large inventory the requirement would be of focussed logistics and the maintenance setup which once more would be dominated by the technology.By 2030 new areas of expertise and specialism may be necessary. In 2030, we may find it necessary to position space warriors, or hackers, instead of (or in addition to) a more traditional military force.Future WarfareThe first important friendliness is that all military action against the two major adversaries, China and Pakistan, would be taken u nder the shadow of proclaimed nuclear capabilities. Secondly, the operating environment and manoeuvre space for the armed forces will be increasingly curtail due to various factors, such as need to minimise collateral damage, legal and international issues and media glare. Last, but not the least, would be the increased relevance of technological dominance in the engage of operations, irrespective of the level of conflictxxi.A typical air campaign will be executed at a very high intensity and with reduced Decision Cyclesxxii. All assets would be networked to such an extent, that they will provide total transparency of the battle-space, so as to dominate the operational environment, through control over the domains of Information, situation and Cyberspace. ISR assets on station would provide real time intelligence and targeting sound judgement that would permit switching of responses instantaneously, as the battle progresses. Such flexibility and reactivity would be possible on ly by the networking of all elements on a secure and robust architecture, which will enable distribution and feeler to all kinds of data. Possession of these capabilities and flexibility in their recitation will hold the detect to success in both conventional and sub-conventional scenarios.CHAPTER IVRECENT genteelness DEVELOPMENTS IN IAFIn the year 2005, a review of training courses was carried out by Air HQ and HQ TC to overcome few of the living limitationsxxiii. The aim was to reduce the duration of absence of officers from the operational units, streamline the course syllabi and provide Just in Time training. It was felt that the canonical hearing should be carried out more by Distance Education with a short contact programme. Distance Education leverages existing technology to provide nurture to wider audience at different locations and that too at low costxxiv. In addition, all the courses were graded and the Grade Point comely is now linked with promotions. In the n ew system, instead of JCC, there is prefatorial Air Staff line of credit at AFAC for all officers with token(prenominal) 03 days service, Basic Professional Knowledge Course for all aircrew with minimum 4.5 years service, Intermediate Air Staff Course at AFAC for all officers with minimum 07 years service, QFI/FCL/TP courses mingled with 08-11 yrs, Advance Professional Knowledge Course with minimum 9.5 years service, Advance Air Staff Course between 10-12 years and HACC between 19-21 years of service. The main benefits of the new training policy is that in a methodical manner, wider number of officers benefit from these courses, as some of them are mandatory for all officers to attend, current issues get speedier dissemination to a wider audience and noesis bank gets continuously updated as information lastly would be lendable at Air Force WAN.There would be two sets of mandatory courses each year that itself will constitute two parts the first part would be Distance Learnin g (DL) and the second part Contact Program (CP) at an appropriate location.The Air Force Academy shoulders the prime responsibleness of initiating the leadership development program in the IAFxxv. The essential focus at AFA is on teaching basic flying skills, enhancing knowledge on flying related subject and air and space issues and developing physical and mental toughness.When the young officers reach the operational units, the responsibility for continuing with their leadership development process lies with the controling Officer/ move Commander. For the pilots, initially the officer focuses on eruditeness how to fly an march on ac and how to use it as weapon system. Subsequently, he is taught how to lead in air. move itself relates to an unknown environment and to an extent develops physical courage. Whilst they are training advanced flying skills, they are also exposed to secondary duties that bulk with administrative aspects like Adjutant, UFSIO or Oi/c messes, though in an adhoc fashion. During the formative years, there is very little merged exposure for the pilots towards administering and leading men on ground. This deficiency stand out when they become Commanding Officers and have to fare administrative functions tooxxvi. aft(prenominal) few years of service, the young officer is worthy to undergo BASCO/BPKCxxvii. The AFAC teaches him basis aspects related to administration, AF Law, Psychology, Leadership and Airpower. CAW teaches aspects related to airpower employment to flying branch officers. At TACDE, the fighter and helicopter aircrew learn qualities of leadership in air, magical spell undertaking FCL/FSL/HCL/MFC/SAGW courses. Subsequently, the officer undergoes ISCO/APKC. However, the training of young leaders till now deals only at the tactical level. The next step in the officers leadership development program is to undertake the Air Staff Course at DSSC, Wellington. The course exposes officers to perform effectively in Command and Staff appointments tenable by Sqn Ldrs to Group Captain ranks.After the officer has finished command of a unit, he could be expatiate for high Air Command (HACC)/Higher Command/ nautical Higher Command Courses at College of Air Warfare / Army War College / College of Naval Warfare or for Higher defence Management Course (HDMC) at CDM. The aim of HACC is to train selected officers of the three services to occupy senior Command and Staff appointments, who will be involved in think and conduct of operations and for command of stations. However, only selected officers undergo such courses.NDC is the last structured course on national security and strategic studies in the leadership development processxxviii. This is pitched at the grand strategic and strategic level to provide insight into issues related to national security and higher leadership requirements.CHAPTER VPME AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGESThe new military soldiers, who use their brains, can deal with a diversity of people and cultures, who can tolerate ambiguity, take initiative, and look questions, even to the point of questioning authority. The willingness to ask and think may be more prevalent in the US armed forces than in many businesses. As in the civilian economy, fewer people with intelligent technology can accomplish more than a lot of people with the brute-force tools of the pastxxix. Alvin TofflerThe challenge before us is to absorb new technologies and translate them into operational effectiveness. Managing this period of transition is the task before all of us and we are overconfident that we shall find new and innovative ways to fully exploit our new inductionsxxx .Air Chief Marshal PV NaikTechnology is one of the factors necessary to meet the capability requirements of PME 2030. Trends in technology today, in general indicate the technological fields of the future will be tremendously fertile and highly affordablexxxi .This would help people to connect to each other easily, access data and to train computer networks to automatically gather and analyze data base on user demands. Virtual reality is being used now as one solution to the information overloadxxxii. Automated assistants with even greater capabilities will ensure current and relevant information tailored to his or her inescapably and background.The military services are actively developing coloured intelligence and expert systems to aid humans digest information and act on itxxxiii. For example, the systems are been developed for analysing radar signatures, labelling automatically generated situations and air-to-air enretorts, planning for contingencies, diagonising maintenance problems on aircraft, playing the role of intelligent opponent in war games, developing attack strategies for complex targets, helping to detect the counter C3 countermeasures, providing advice on allocation decisions and even predicting likely locations and times of outbreaks of violence.The pace of technological improve ments will continue to accelerate. Exponential change will be the norm. Increases in computing power, graphics and bandwidth will lead to advancements in visualisation, modelling, simulation and animationxxxiv. Therefore, our PME system must respond to the exploding technological and informational environment, evolving personnel characteristics and the fiscal constraints.Obviously, the technological environment surrounding military members will be very different than the one todayxxxv. It will include commonplace use of artificial intelligence, intense miniaturisation, expert systems, realistic and artificial realities and automated computer assistants. Therefore PME 2030 must rein this technology to educate the entire military force.Since, the rate of change in technology and the rate of growth in available information increase every day, all the technological advances mean that by 2030, information needs will grow exponentially and the amount of new information will be astronomi cal. Without careful planning and information- handling skills, the decision makers of the future will be susceptible to analysis paralysisxxxvi.Handling Space would be another challenge in any future vision of the IAF. In his book The Next Hundred Years, George Friedman predicts the possibility of the next Great War being fought almost entirely in space. By about 2050, he suggests the US would operate huge space stations- which he calls Battlestars after the popular TV series-that would serve not only as weapon platforms but as command and control centres to manage conflicts on the Earths surfacexxxvii. star system of satellites unless generates more than 10 quadrillion bytes of information about the Earth, equal to about 10 billion booksxxxviii .This will pose difficulties to military analysts in determining and arrangement the critical information which can mean life-or-death and success-or-failure in the combat environments of 2030. The military education system must help an alysts and operational units by determining which methods and technologies will be needed.CHAPTER VICONCEPTS ON FUTURE OF broadcast FORCE EDUCATION AND TRAININGWe have all heard the evince flexibility is the place to airpower. I would like to add that Knowledge- Enabled Airmen are the describe to flexibilityxxxix. Michael W. WyneThe concepts that are essential to meet the needs of the future Air Force and defines one approach to the future of education and training arexl-Knowledge Management.continuous Learning.Precision Learning.The requirement is to develop and field systems that are not just network-centric, but knowledge-centric. For the air force of the 21st century to be agile, adaptive and encyclopedism organisation it must embrace change, accept risk, cope with reverses and learn to reinvent itself constantlyxli. To achieve this we need to transform our existing education and training system to build a future encyclopedism organisation employing new skill concepts a nd leveraging new technology.The future Air Force must successfully operate in and dominate not only the domains of air, space and cyberspace, but the cognitive domain as wellxlii. The cognitive domain exists in the human mind and involves information processing. Therefore, IAF must focus its transformation efforts to achieve superiority in the cognitive domain and to achieve cognitive and learning superiority the air force must develop a new learning culture.Future LearningKnowledge ManagementKnowledge focusing is the end-to-end continuous process that describes the systematic creation, acquisition, integration, distribution, application and archiving of knowledge to ride behaviour and actions which support organisational objectives and mission accomplishmentxliii. Knowledge management captures both existing and newly created information and knowledge, stores it in an enterprise knowledge base through which information can be distributed, shared and accessed by the officers to su pport both learning when and where needed and the application of knowledge and skills to perform assigned tasks and earn problems.Officers need to be more creative and innovative to solve tomorrows problems. Therefore, access to a dynamic knowledge base will provide close set(predicate) integration between training and operations. In the IAF there is a requirement of a major cultural change to become a learning organisation. Air force knowledge management system will be revolutionary, leveraging existing efforts and rapid technological advancements. The requirement is not only to train the way we fight but to fight the way we train using the same knowledge databases, networks and technologies.With the development of the AFNET, The IAF has a unique chance to leverage new technologies to advance the knowledge management concept. This can serve as a potential platform for the tryy of services sustenance future learning systems and the distribution and application of knowledge. As the culture of learning is instituted in the organisation, it would be easier to master the cognitive domain.Continuous LearningIn the future wars highly skilled and educated Air warriors would be requiredxliv. The key to personal and organisational growth in the Air Force, and development of officers dealing with complex missions operating in air, space and cyberspace is continuous learning.Continuous learning focuses on the development of the officer from before commissioning through retirement and beyond. This concept is consistent with the continuum of learning. It allows the officer to individually recognise the right skills, knowledge and the aptitude they need to accomplish assigned tasks and missions. This requires a systematic and holistic approach so as to provide the right education, training and start outs at the right time.The basic principles embodied in continuous learning includexlv -(a) go in the best and brightest candidates who can learn and operate in the futu re Air Force.(b) Offer effects- based learning opportunities based on learning objectives and outcomes.(c) put up career long progression through deliberate education, training and observational opportunities to enable officers reach their full potential.(d) endure learning opportunities on demand.(e) Provide a push and pull system to make learning opportunities available when and where appropriate to enable a sustainable military advantage.(f) Leverage operational competence and tactical expertise through timely education, training and experience.(g) Development supported by leaders who internalise and visibly espouse the vision, values, climate, motif and behaviours that constitute the new learning environment.Training, education and experimental learning power continuous learningxlvi. Therefore, it would be important to use these means to develop the appropriate combination of specialists and generalists to meet the mission requirements.Future officers would be required to pe rform a wide variety of functions, enabled by new technologies, new learning paradigms and robust knowledge management systems. Continuous education offer a good opportunity to reduce skill decay, keep skills current and watch informed of the latest technological changes and developments in the field.Two factors which epitomise the need for continuous learning are critical thinking and problem resolve skillsxlvii. With the process of continuous learning the critical thinking will no longer be restricted to the senior Air Force leaders.One of the most challenging skills to develop is leadership at the tactical, operational, and strategic levels. happy application of human judgment to orchestrate mission success requires much more than force of personality. In the future, it will require a greater ability to multi-task, prioritize subordinate actions, and assimilate vast amounts of information while fostering collaboration. Some leadership scenarios must be executed in an atmospher e of maximum situational awareness, while others may impose an information-limited setting. Application of modern leadership will necessitate new methods in the way we train and educate current and future leaders.All education and training programs, including advanced operational training and Professional Military Education (PME), will adapt to the needs, skills and training proclivities of Generation Y- the Millenials. According to Mark Prensky, Millenials are considered digital Natives because theyare all native speakers of the digital language of computers, video games and the Internet. Those of us who were not born into the digital world but have, at some later point in our lives, become fascinated by and adopted many or most aspects of the new technology are Digital Immigrants. Digital Natives are used to receiving information really fast. They like to parallel process and multi-task. They prefer their graphics before their text rather than the opposite. They prefer ergodic ac cess (like hypertext). They function best when networked. They thrive on instant contentment and frequent rewards. They prefer games to serious work.To address these needs, courseware that is interactive and multi-media enhanced will be available through a next generation distributed learning system that will offer live, practical(prenominal), and constructive scenarios for development of all officers. These capabilities will enhance the decision-making, communication, and negotiation skills that are critical for senior leadership. Distance learning will evolve from basic enrolment in computer and web-based courses to virtual learning environments that support online collaboration and classes taught by both live and virtual instructors.Precision LearningPrecision learning delivers the appropriate education, training, or experience at the right time and place, in the right format, to generate the right effect. Precision learning relies on customised learning, mass collaboration, pu sh and pull learning systems, distributed learning opportunities, increased use of simulated and virtual technology, and enhanced use of visualization technologies. It focuses learning on the learnerxlviii.This would provide the officer access to the knowledge base through mobile or internet and organised by the advanced knowledge management systems. Precision learning has the potential to meliorate the learning experience and increase effectiveness while reducing the cost of instruction and increasing efficiency.The delivery of training and education must be flexible and permit schedule, delivery and media formats tailored to individual needs. It will deliver customised course material based on each students ability to learn.CHAPTER cardinalDESIRED TRAITS IN FUTURE LEADERSProfessional attainment, based upon draw out study, and collective study at colleges, rank by rank and age by age-those are the title reeds of the commanders of future armies, and the secret of future victories xlix.-Winston Churchill, 1946Having seen the variables that are likely to affect future leadership, let us examine the traits that need to be present in future leaders to overcome these uncertainties. Although these traits were required earlier too in

Lower Lip Shave for Squamous Cell Carcinoma Reconstruction

Lower Lip S shoot for Squamous cellular telephone Carcinoma ReconstructionLower flange shave for reconstruction of dismount unwritten fissure squamous mobile ph one(a) carcinomaIntroduction spheric estimates of the incidence of oral examination question squamous cell carcinoma digress slightly surrounded by assorted sources, simply it appears to be around the eighth commonest site for sewercerous tumours, with rough 300,000 cases per year (Shaw, Pace-Balzan, Butterworth, 2011, Parkin et al. 2005) (Shaw et al. 2011) (Scully Bagan, 2009) (Saman Warnakulasuriya, 2009). The relative incidence of set down sass crabby person is 35%, which is the spunkyest among oral ignorecers sites and is most likely due to continuing exposure to sunniness (Bauer et al. 2014).Although the modifiable risk portions such as tobacco, intoxicant, diet and lifestyle (S. Warnakulasuriya, 2009) have been identified in the past, that a modest decline in incidence has been comprehended in recent decades (Chaturvedi et al. 2008). More e preciseplace, an increase of oropharyngeal crabmeat cases has been related to HPV infections, highlighting the role played by HPV 16 as n betimes as sexual behaviour in doubtfulness and eff cancer (Chaturvedi et al. 2008 Marur et al. 2010). Despite the decline in the prevalence of smoking in industrial countries, there is no noniceable reduction in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) incidence (Shaw et al. 2011). Cancer is a disease that is perhaps more(prenominal) dreaded by more large number than every other ailment. The medical prognosis, in the primordial st mount ups, therefore, is favourable. The most satisfactory results argon obtained when the disease is discover archaeozoic and treated promptly. A sound and suggestive approach to the problem of cancer control.Patient and methodsA 55-year-old long-suffering was referred by a General medical Practitioner (GMP) regarding a one year history of recurrent lower mout hpiece s headspringing and infection. The diligent reported having a lump on her lower brim for approximately one year. At first it was littler in size and eventu neverthelessy almost occupied the whole lower lip inwardly the one year. The patient complained of intermit got pain and temperance with occasional suppurative discharge from the lower lip. She had had frequent courses of antibiotics and at the cartridge clip of initial consultation was on a course of fluconazole. The patient had a history of biopsy precedently with the diagnosis of oral lichen planus in this region. Although, there had been an benefit of the tokens after previous treatment at that time, a significant deterioration of symptoms had recurred with ad avant-gardeced swelling and crusting of the lower lip. According to the GMP and the patient, the lesion was worsening and had become insusceptible to topical medical treatment. There was no weight loss, abdominal or other systemic features observed. The patients appetite, sleep and mood were good. The patient had overly been diagnosed with mild asthma 5 years prior. The patient consumed minimal amounts of intoxicant, did non use any tobacco products and most of her time was fatigued indoors.Clinical examinationExtra-oral examination there was no detectable lymphadenopathy. 20mm hemorrhagic and crusting lump pre displace on the lower lip and tender on touch, nodular in nature.Intra-oral examination the oral mucosa was well greased and mild reticular white lines were present bilaterally on the buccal mucosa with no oral mucosa speckling or ulceration evident. The patient wore upper and lower complete acrylic dentures. An incisional biopsy was performed on initial consultation. The incisional biopsy report of the sample taken showed moderate dysplasia but given the clinical examination and the nature of the long history of symptoms, it might have been that the biopsy represented only a particular part and very likely that there had been trespassing(a) components to the other parts of the lip. The patient was referred urgently to the oral examination and Maxillofacial surgical operation Department for further treatment even though the lip was meliorate well after the incisional biopsy.Method of TreatmentThe verbal and Maxillofacial consultant decided to perform a lip shave of the vermilion (Kolhe Leonard, 1988) and a tumour biopsy. This method of treatment is advisable in potentially cancerous and early malignancy of small lesions and where there is no metastasis present. Involvement of the lymph nodes was non observed, thus the operative removal of the lymph node was not indicated.The vermilionectomy, also and dampen know colloquially as the lip shave, lip peal, or lip scalp operation, refers to the elliptical, horizontal track of the exposed mucous membrane or vermilion of the lip, ordinaryly of the lower one, with resurfacing or retreading of the surgically created defect by the advancement of the undermined labial mucosa, thereby providing fresh covering which will permit many a(prenominal) another(prenominal) more years of wear (Kurth, n.d.). This procedure is a comparatively simple, well-standardised, non-deforming plastic procedure of short duration.after general anesthesia has been performed, surgical preparation of the field with colourless antiseptic solution is applied, and after tolerate draping, the exposed argona of lip vermilion to be excised is first sketch with a methylene blue eliminate mark, after which the underlying tissues atomic number 18 topical anestheticly infiltrated with Lignospan 2% (180000) solution. The outlined mark is incised throughout its wide extent while the lip is firmly immobilized with the thumb and index experience of the free hand, with care being taken to make vertical kind of than oblique shelving incisions so that subsequent occluded bearing will be facilitated and hypertrophic scarring prevented. later the mucosa is first elevated by sharp dissection from one corner, it can then most conveniently be removed by curved, pointed scissors down to the mesomorphic degree. In cases of superficial malignancy, even a deeper resection can be performed without impairing the watertight closure of the lips or jeopardizing the cosmetic result. After haemostasis has been secured with 3-0 Prolene, the labial mucosa is undermined for an appropriate distance down to the deep muscular plane, the surgically created defect being closed by the advancement and likeness of this mobilized flap, which is then united to the cutaneous edge. To achieve an even and symmetrical closure three key sutures are first inserted, the first in the mid-portion of the lip and the remaining two bisecting the distance between the first suture and the commissures. The ceaseless sutures of 6-0 Prolene can then be inserted consecutively from the wound edge. The knots should not continue the suture line so as not to retard healing . The presenter site was sutured with continuous Vicryl 3.0 suture.The excised mucosal lesion was ellipsoid in shape with the parameters of 14mm horizontally x 20mm from superior to inferior x 8mm in depth. The mucosal excision was marked with the suture material (long stitch right-sided. Short stitch lingual) and sent for histopathological examination.The patient was given broad spectrum antimicrobial (Amoxicillin 500mg) injections for at least 3 days postoperatively and advised to use the lips as little as possible. The wound was kept moist during the day with frequently changed dressings of sterile convention saline which contributed considerably to the patients comfort. At night a thick layer of Aureomycin was advised, to be applied to the suture line to prevent crusting and infection. After three days the alternate sutures could be removed, and the remaining ones on the contiguous day following the healing having progressed satisfactorily. The patient was instructed to keep the resurfaced lip well lubricated with Vaseline, lanolin, or similar preparations for quite some time postoperatively, and was also advised to avoid undue exposure to the sun.ConclusionAlthough, the patient had been in the beginning treated for symptomatic oral lichen planus, the condition had worsened significantly within a year. A second incisional biopsy showed moderate dysplasia. Furthermore, the history of rapid symptom progression of the lesion justified the performance of a prompt excisional biopsy under general anesthesia. The most recent hisopathological report confirmed the moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma diagnosis, whereas moderate dysplasia was representative of only part of the lesion. Tumour thickness was virtually 4mm (exophytic and endophytic components) with focally non-cohesive impingement pattern.The lesion was successfully removed within excision margins from 2mm to over 5mm. Nevertheless, close follow up will be continued and the requisite of radiotherapy has been considered at a multidisciplinary meeting as margin dysplasia was erect of varying patterns at all margins.The lip shave is thus a non-deforming plastic operation of big(p) value in the prophylaxis and treatment of lip cancer and in the cosmetic correction of certain congenital, neoplastic, and traumatic lip deformities. (Kurth, LIP SHAVE OR VERMILIONECTOMY INDICATIONS AND TECHNIQUE). This is obviously not a technique suitable for all lip defects, but in selected cases it gives a very satisfactory result.DiscussionTumours are divided into two main classes one being benign and the other, malignant. A tumour may show any degree of malignancy, which in turn has an important bearing on the prognosis and on the prospect of successful treatment. The carcinoma is a malignant epithelial tumour. It is the commonest of all malignant tumours. Among the most important carcinomas is the squamous cell carcinoma. It grows particularly on the skin, lip, lingua, laryn x, cervix, and urinary bladder. Ulcers about the mouth or lips that does not heal in ten days to two weeks is a significant sign of oral cancer. If detected early and properly diagnosed, cancer is often cured or at least controlled.Incidences of oral cancer have been rising in many countries around the world (Saman Warnakulasuriya et al. 2008). The 5-year excerpt rate for oral cancer has not significantly improved in the past 30 years and form at approximately 50% (Jemal et al. 2004). Many oral squamous cell carcinomas are preceded by clinically evident oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) (Saman Warnakulasuriya, Mak, Mller, 2007). It is very important to prevent malignant change in people diagnosed with OPMDs, but the hazard ratios of various OPMDs are not well known. OPMDs involve hyperkeratosis or epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial dysplasia (Schepman et al. 1998, viva voce Leukoplakia and cancerous Transformation, 1984) erythroplakia (Reichart Philipsen, 2005) and oral submucous fibrosis (Murti et al. 1985, Pindborg et al. 1984) and their clinical phenotypes are well documented. Hyperkeratosis or epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial dysplasia and OSF are the most common oral mucosal disorders in the regions where areca quid grind is prevalent, such as India, Taiwan, and other Southeast Asian countries (Pindborg et al. 1984, Reichart Philipsen, 2005, Lee et al. 2003, Silverman et al. 1976, Kaas et al. 1994, Chung et al. 2005). The malignant potential of oral lichen planus (OLP) remains controversial because of the absence of universally accepted diagnosis criteria (Chung et al. 2005). The malignant shifting rates of OPMDs show a great variation for example, 1020% of hyperkeratosis or epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial dysplasia may transform to cancer and the estimated annual rate is 1.4%7% (Schepman et al. 1998, spoken Leukoplakia and Malignant Transformation, 1984).In oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) there have been many efforts to identify the factors that will allow staging in a track that accurately predicts prognosis. Many different factors have been investigated as possible predictors of yield including patient age (Thoma et al. 2014), performance status (Rades et al. 2011) laboratory (Wittekindt P. et al. 2013) histologic grade (Arduino et al. 2008, Weijers Snow et al. 2009, Caslin R. et al. 1992, Piffk et al. 1997, Brandwein-Gensler et al. 2005, Lindenblatt et al. 2012, Kurokawa et al. 2005), and various biomarkers (Ziober et al. 2008, Grimm, 2012). Current staging criteria from the American Joint delegacy on Cancer (AJCC) for head and neck cancer rely only on tumour size, node status, and the presence of distant metastasis (TNM). Extracapsular nodal spread, positive margins, and lymphovascular invasion are used as indications for adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy but are not part of the staging criteria. Histologic grade is not included in the current staging criteria because its ability to pre dict a prognosis has historically been controversial (Roland et al. 1992). Although SCC staging protocol in the seventh edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual seems to represent an improvement from previous editions, there are still significant shortcomings, the greatest of which is a inadequacy of practicality. Several studies have questioned the prognostic the true of the TNM system for oral cancer since neither patients comorbidity, specific tumour related factors nor multimodal treatment regimens such as preoperative radiochemotherapy (RCT) are incorporated (Kreppel et al. 2013).Nevertheless, a strong association between conventional cytology grade and survival in patients has been stated by several(prenominal) investigators (Weigum et al. 2010, Editor Kurtycz, 2011, Thomas et al. 2014). A high histologic grade in early stage oral cavity cancer is associated with poorer survival and carries breakaway prognostic value, in addition to tumour size, node status, and the pres ence of a distant metastasis (TNM) stage. Thus, histologic grade is considered clinically when making treatment decisions, and multivariable models of survival should include grade as a covariate to improve prognostic accuracy (Thomas et al. 2014). Lip tumours are usually low grade, whereas tumours from teeth to cover song of tongue are increasing in malignancy as we pass back (Grade 2) tumours of pharynx-high-grade malignancy (grade 3). Grading is a useful method of communication between pathologist and surgeon and is also used as a guide to treatment. Briefly, grades 1 and 2 are usually treated surgically, whereas grades 3 and 4 require radiation. Furthermore, the influence of immunological parameters on the prognosis of OSCC has already been discussed in the 1970thand 1980thReferences 8,9.Despite the fact that oral cancer and its causes are well known to the medical and dental professions, and that the tissues of the mouth are accessible for early detecting of any abnormal cond ition, intraoral cancer continues to present an important problem. Selection of early cancer diagnosis is often difficult, especially in some cases where early symptoms are not present or misleading such as in the present case. The gross appearance first presents a local induration, then a warty mass followed by deep infiltration. The malignant ulcer is slow-growing, hard, indurated, and invasive with round edges. It may or may not involve the lymphatic nodes.Furthermore, the risk factors associated with these OPMDs and oral cancers have been established. Tobacco use, alcohol abuse and areca quid chewing habits are important risk factors. The associated factors in the progression of the disease and malignant switching of OPMDs have not been well defined in previous studies lesion type (Schepman et al. 1998, spontaneous Leukoplakia and Malignant Transformation, 1984, Murti et al. 1985, Pindborg et al. 1984, Lumerman A. et al. 1995, Hsue et al. 2007), age (Hsue et al. 2007), lifest yle habits (Schepman et al. 1998, Hsue et al. 2007, Chen S. et al. 2000) and lesion subsites (Scully et al. 2003) were significant factors related to malignancy, but the results from different studies vary and firm conclusions cannot be drawn.Excision of the exposed mucosa or vermilion of the lips can be safely performed even under local anaesthesia and is particularly indicated in situations requiring resurfacing of the lip, notably extensive precancerous leukoplakia or chronic solar cheilitis the chronic sunburn of the weather-beaten farmers or sailors skin or tropical skin of the inhabitants of sunny climates. (Kurth, Lip Shave or vermilionectomy indications and technique). Furthermore, check to the author the best results with local flaps are achieved in midplane defects of the lower and upper lip.ReferencesA, M. R. L., Kaas, W., Ja, L., Nw, J. (1994). Role of areca nut in the causation of orai submucous fibrosis a case- control think over in Pakistan.Allen, E. C. M., Lumer man, H., Freedman, P., Kerpel, S. (1995). ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL PATHOLOGY viva voce epithelial dysplasia and the development of invasive squamous cell carcinoma, 79(3), 321329.Arduino, P. G., Carrozzo, M., Chiecchio, A., Broccoletti, R., Tirone, F., Borra, E., Gandolfo, S. (2008). Clinical and histopathologic independent prognostic factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma a retrospective study of 334 cases. diary of unwritten and Maxillofacial Surgery formalised daybook of the American Association of spoken and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 66(8), 15709.Bauer, A., Hault, K., Knuschke, P., Beissert, S., Bauer, A. (2014). These articles have been accepted for publication in the British daybook of Dermatology and are currently being edited and typeset .Brandwein-Gensler, M., Teixeira, M. S., Lewis, C. M., Lee, B., Rolnitzky, L., Hille, J. J., Wang, B. Y. (2005). Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. The American ledger of Surgical Pathology, 29(2), 167178.Chung, C.-H., Yang, Y.-H., Wang, T.-Y., Shieh, T.-Y., Warnakulasuriya, S. (2005). Oral precancerous disorders associated with areca quid chewing, smoking, and alcohol drinking in southern Taiwan. Journal of Oral Pathology Medicine ordained payoff of the transnational Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 34(8), 4606.Editor, S., Kurtycz, D. F. I. (2011). The Role of Cytology in Oral Lesions, 40(1), 7383.Grimm, M. (2012). Prognostic value of clinicopathological parameters and payoff in 484 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma microvascular invasion (V+) is an independent prognostic factor for OSCC. Clinical Translational Oncology Official take of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the guinea pig Cancer Institute of Mexico, 14(11), 87080.Hsue, S.-S., Wang, W.-C., Chen, C.-H., Lin, C.-C., Chen, Y.-K., Lin, L.-M. (2007). Malignant transformation in 1458 patients with potentially malignant oral mucosal disorders a follow-up study based in a Taiwane se hospital. Journal of Oral Pathology Medicine Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 36(1), 259.Jemal, A., Tiwari, R. C., Murray, T., Ghafoor, A., Samuels, A., Ward, E., Thun, M. J. (2004). Cancer statistics, 2004. CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 54(1), 829Kolhe, P. S., Leonard, a G. (1988). Reconstruction of the vermilion after lip-shave. British Journal of fictile Surgery, 41(1), 6873Kreppel, M., Dreiseidler, T., Rothamel, D., Eich, H.-T., Drebber, U., Zller, J. E., Scheer, M. (2013). The role of clinical versus histopathological staging in patients with advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy followed by radical surgery. Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, 41(1), 227.Kurokawa, H., Zhang, M., Matsumoto, S., Yamashita, Y., Tomoyose, T., Tanaka, T., Takahashi, T. ( 2005). The high prognostic value of the histologic grade at the deep invasive front of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Oral Pathology Medicine Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 34(6), 32933Kurth, Lip Shave or vermilionectomy indications and technique. British Journal of plastic Surgery.1957 Jul10(2)156-62.Lee, C.-H., Ko, Y.-C., Huang, H.-L., Chao, Y.-Y., Tsai, C.-C., Shieh, T.-Y., Lin, L.-M. (2003). The precancer risk of betel quid chewing, tobacco use and alcohol outlay in oral leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis in southern Taiwan. British Journal of Cancer, 88(3), 36672.Lindenblatt, R. D. C. R., Martinez, G. L., Silva, L. E., Faria, P. S., Camisasca, D. R., Loureno, S. D. Q. C. (2012). Oral squamous cell carcinoma rate systemsanalysis of the best survival predictor. Journal of Oral Pathology Medicine Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 41(1), 349.Murti, P. R., Bhonsle, R. B., Pindborg, J. J., Daftary, D. K., Gupta, P. C., Mehta, F. S. (1985). Malignant transformation rate in oral submucous fibrosis over a 17-year period. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 13(6), 3401.Oral Leukoplakia and Malignant Transformation. (1984).Peter, F., Wittekindt, C., Finkensieper, M., Kiehntopf, M., Guntinas-Lichius, O. (2013). Prognostic impact of pretherapeutic laboratory values in head and neck cancer patients. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 139(1), 1718.Piffk, J., Bnkfalvi, a, Ofner, D., Bryne, M., Rasch, D., Joos, U., Schmid, K. W. (1997). Prognostic value of histobiological factors (malignancy grading and AgNOR content) assessed at the invasive tumour front of oral squamous cell carcinomas. British Journal of Cancer, 75(10), 15436.Pindborg, J. J., Murti, P. R., Bhonsle, R. B., Gupta, P. C., Daftary, D. K., Mehta, F. S. (1984). Oral submucous fibrosis as a precancerous condition. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research, 92(3), 2249Rades, D., Seibold, N. D., Gebhard, M. P., Noack, F., Schild, S. E., Thorns, C. (2011). Prognostic factors (including HPV status) for radiation sickness of locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie Organ Der Deutschen Rntgengesellschaft et Al, 187(10), 62632Reichart, P. a, Philipsen, H. P. (2005). Oral erythroplakiaa review. Oral Oncology, 41(6), 55161Roland, N. J., Caslin, a W., Nash, J., Stell, P. M. (1992). Value of grading squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck, 14(3), 2249.Schepman, K. P., van der Meij, E. H., Smeele, L. E., van der Waal, I. (1998). Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia a follow-up study of a hospital-based population of 166 patients with oral leukoplakia from The Netherlands. Oral Oncology, 34(4), 2705.Scully, C., Bagan, J. (2009). Oral squamous cell carcinoma overview of current understanding of aetiopathogenesis and clinical implications. Oral Diseases, 15(6), 38899.Scully, C., Sudb, J., Speight, P. M. (2003). Progress in determining the malignant potential of oral lesions. Journal of Oral Pathology Medicine Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 32(5), 2516.Shaw, R. J., Pace-Balzan, A., Butterworth, C. (2011). Contemporary clinical management of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Periodontology 2000, 57(1), 89101.Shiu, M. N., Chen, T. H., Chang, S. H., Hahn, L. J. (2000). Risk factors for leukoplakia and malignant transformation to oral carcinoma a leukoplakia cohort in Taiwan. British Journal of Cancer, 82(11), 18714.Silverman, S., Bhargava, K., Smith, L. W., Malaowalla, a M. (1976). Malignant transformation and natural history of oral leukoplakia in 57,518 industrial workers of Gujarat, India. Cancer, 38(4), 17905.Thomas, B., Stedman, M., Davies, L. (2014). Grade as a prognostic factor i n oral squamous cell carcinoma a population-based analysis of the data. The Laryngoscope, 124(3), 68894.Warnakulasuriya, S. (2009). Causes of oral canceran appraisal of controversies. British Dental Journal, 207(10), 4715.Warnakulasuriya, S. (2009). Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncology, 45(4-5), 30916.Warnakulasuriya, S., Mak, V., Mller, H. (2007). Oral cancer survival in young people in South East England. Oral Oncology, 43(10), 9826.Warnakulasuriya, S., Parkkila, S., Nagao, T., Preedy, V. R., Pasanen, M., Koivisto, H., Niemel, O. (2008). demonstration of ethanol-induced protein adducts in oral leukoplakia (pre-cancer) and cancer. Journal of Oral Pathology Medicine Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 37(3), 15765.Weigum, S. E., Floriano, P. N., Redding, S. W., Yeh, C.-K., Westbrook, S. D., McGuff, H. S., McDevitt, J. T. (2010). Nano-bio-chip sensing element platfo rm for examination of oral exfoliative cytology. Cancer Prevention Research (Philadelphia, Pa.), 3(4), 51828.Weijers, M., Snow, G. B., Bezemer, P. D., van der Waal, I. (2009). Malignancy grading is no better than conventional histopathological grading in small squamous cell carcinoma of tongue and floor of mouth retrospective study in 128 patients. Journal of Oral Pathology Medicine Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 38(4), 3437.Ziober, B. L., Mauk, M. G., Falls, E. M., Chen, Z., Ziober, A. F., Bau, H. H. (2008). LAB-ON-A-CHIP FOR ORAL genus Cancer SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS, (January), 111121.