Diabetes as Disorder

DESCRIPTIONDiabetes pertains to a metabolic disorder that is associated with the lack or absence of insulin, a protein that transports glucose into the cells of the body.   Glucose, also simply known as sugars, is considered as the first source of energy for the daily activities performed by the human body, such as walking and standing.In addition, glucose also serves as the main resource for the energy that is required to fuel cellular processes within the body, including that of growth and repair of cells and tissues.   The food items consumed by an individual generally contain glucose and thus the presence of insulin is important for the transport of this macromolecule to the appropriate regions of the body.Insulin is mainly produced by the pancreas, which is a digestive organ that is strategically located next to the small intestines, where digestion commonly occurs.   Once the process of digestion has been completed in the intestines, the glucose molecules transported into cells through the help of insulin.   In normal individuals, the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas is enough to transport the glucose that is present in the meal consumed.On the other hand, individuals with diabetes show a lack or absence of insulin secreted by the pancreas, thus preventing the transport of the glucose molecules into the cells.   Glucose is therefore left outside the cells and these remain circulating in the blood.   The continuous accumulation of glucose further extends from the blood to the urine, which in turn are samples employed for the diagnostics of diabetes.CAUSES OF DIABETESDiabetes is generally caused by a number of factors, depending on the type of diabetes that has been positively diagnosed in an individual.   Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), pertains to an autoimmune condition that involves the incapacity of the body to combat infections (NIH, 2010a).In this case, the immune system of an indivi dual causes the destruction of the cells of the pancreas, thus decreasing and possibly preventing the production of insulin for glucose transport.   The actual mechanism that triggers the destruction of the pancreatic cells by the immune system is still unknown and there are active efforts in the field of biomedical research that are attempting to elucidate this reaction.Type 2 diabetes, also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), pertains to an increase in the level of glucose in the body due to aging, obesity or genetic inheritance of the condition (NIH, 2010b).   Type 2 diabetes is therefore more commonly observed among elderly individuals, as their metabolic rate generally slows down as they age.   Obese individuals tend to develop diabetes because their food choices are often different from the recommended daily diet, thus increasing the likelihood that sugar-rich foods would be consumed on a regular basis.Gestational diabetes pertains to the increase i n the blood glucose level of a female during pregnancy.   This occurrence is usually linked to the gain in the total body weight of a woman during pregnancy, as well as the decrease in the physical activity of the woman as she progresses through the entire gestational period of 36 weeks or 9 months.   Unlike types 1 and 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes often disappears once the woman has given birth.   The disappearance of the features of diabetes are possibly linked to the loss in the total body weight after birth, as well as the increase in the physical activity of the woman after delivery.EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIABETESType 1 diabetes generally affects both males and females, yet there are certain characteristics that strongly associated with this metabolic disease.   According to the World Health Organization, type 1 diabetes is more common among whites and is considered as a rare disease among non-white populations of Africa and Asia.   Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is commonly diagnosed in elderly individuals.Moreover, elderly individuals who are overweight are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes because these individuals tend to be less active in physical activities.   Certain populations are thus associated with type 2 diabetes, including those of African and Asian ethnicities.   In the United States alone, there are 24 million individuals with the age of 20 years old and above that have been diagnosed with diabetes (NIDDK, 2007).   On the other hand, there are 12 million elderly individuals who have been diagnosed with diabetes in the United States.TREATMENT OF DIABETESType 1 diabetes is generally treated with the administration of insulin on a daily basis.   Patient are therefore taught how to inject insulin everyday, in order to maintain a normal level of insulin in their blood.   Type 2 diabetes is usually treated with medications that assist in the digestion of glucose from the food items consumed.   This medication is give n on a daily basis using a tablet or capsule format.   In addition to medications, a healthy diet is highly recommended to diabetic patients.   This includes food items that are low in sugar content, such as green, leafy vegetables and fiber-rich fruits and grains.Exercise is also recommended for diabetic patients, as this assists in increasing the metabolic rate of the body.   Diabetic patients are also educated on the condition of hypoglycemia, which is the extreme lowering of the blood glucose level of the body, resulting in fainting and a decrease in the arterial blood pressure.   A dietician therefore plays an important role in the design of the dietary regimen of diabetic patients.   A regular check-up should also be performed every 3 to 6 months, wherein the fasting blood sugar levels are determined, in order to evaluate the progress of the patient with the current dietary regimen.REFERENCESNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.   (2007) .   National Diabetes Statistics, 2007.   Downloaded from http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/DM_Statistics.pdf on July 8, 2010.National Institutes of Health.   (2010a).   Type 1 diabetes: Thirty years of progress.   Downloaded from http://www.nih.gov/about/researchresultsforthepublic/Type1Diabetes.pdf on July 8, 2010.National Institutes of Health.   (2010b).   Type 2 diabetes: Thirty years of progress.   Downloaded from http://www.nih.gov/about/researchresultsforthepublic/Type2Diabetes.pdf on July 8, 2010.

The Effect of Light and Color on Human Physiology in Workplace

Essay The Effect of Light and Color on Human Physiology in workplace Safety working environment requires not only workplace with sufficient light, and also rational direction of the light, the lack of harsh shadows, causing glare. Proper lighting and painting equipment and hazards allows to watch them more closely (device painted in solid color), and the warning coloring hazards will reduce injuries.Besides selecting the right combination of colors and their intensity will minimize the time to adapt the eye when looking to the details on the work surface. Choosing the right color can affect the mood of the workers, and, therefore, the productivity of labor. Thus, the underestimation of the influence of light, the choice of color and light lead to premature fatigue of the body, the accumulation of errors, lower productivity, increased marriage and, as a consequence, to injuries.A disregard for the coverage due to the fact that the human eye has a very wide range of accessories: from 2 0 lux (full moon) to 100,000 lux. Color and light are interrelated. Coloring of equipment, materials and other to black oppresses workers. When carrying the standard boxes of black and white colors all workers declared that the black boxes heavier. Black thread on a white background can be seen at 2100 times better than white on black, there is a sharp contrast (brightness ratio).With the increase in brightness and lighting up to certain limits visual acuity and brightness increases, and eye can separate items, i. e. speed discrimination. Too bright light adversely affects the eyes, causing blindness and pain in the eyes. Incorrect choice of lighting affects not only the loss of working hours and fatigue of workers, but also increases the injury during the adaptation period when the worker does not see or difficulty seeing detail and performs work operations automatically.Similar conditions have been observed in assembly work in the evening under floodlights. Therefore the ratio of brightness (contrast substance) should not be large. Nowadays known that the red color stimulates, but quickly tires worker, green is useful to man. Natural light is the best for human health. Sunlight has a biological effect on the body, so natural light is hygienic. Replacement of artificial daylight is allowed only for some reason if you cannot use (or not use) natural light in jobs.

Family Health Promotion Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Family Health Promotion Paper - Essay Example oted that the analyses of monoamine oxidase A gene - linked polymorphic region (MAOA – LPR) genotypes revealed that women who have been abused sexually in their childhood were more like to develop alcoholism and antisocial behavior. This study also revealed that those women with low activity variant are more likely to develop this problem compared to women with high activity variant (NIAAA, 2007). Abuse among the members in the family, assault, and homicide are some of the violent acts observed among alcoholic individuals (Casa Palmera, 2007). It was also reported that women and children alike are frequent abuse of alcohol – related problems (Casa Palmera, 2007). Casa Palmera (2007) noted that vandalism is an illegal act that is common among individuals under alcohol influence. Graffiti writing, public and private property destruction are among those acts of vandalism credited among alcoholics (Casa Palmera, 2007). A. Precontemplation Stage: During this stage, the client and his family deny of having a problem with alcoholism and want others to change their behavior instead, because they view others having the same problem. B. Contemplation Stage: During this time, the client and his family is acknowledging that he is having a serious problem with alcoholism and is taking into consideration obtaining treatment and rehabilitation. C. Decision and Determination: The client and his family are now thinking on how to avoid drinking alcohol and from getting hooked with it. During this time, he is beginning to think about his future being free from alcoholism. Educate the client and his family that alcohol produces mood and behavioral changes. Heavy and regular alcohol intake leads to liver cirrhosis, a leading cause of death secondary to chronic alcoholism (Kozier, et al., 2004). Kozier also noted that mixing drinking and driving causes crippling or fatal accidents. Social Learning Theory: This includes how the family, peers, and providers of the client help

The Evolution of a Firm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Evolution of a Firm - Essay Example The evolution of GE starts with the greatest inventor every produced by America, i.e., Thomas Edison who is widely known for having created the light bulb that can be credited for America becoming a country which operates round the clock. In 1876, Edison started work in his lab in New Jersey and after his patents and inventions had given him enough capital, he was able to start a company called the Edison General Electric Company. While Edison had some competition from rival firms, a merger which was arbitrated by none other than J.P. Morgan led to the creation of the General Electric Company which was then headquartered in Schenectady in New York (Welch, 2005). This phase in the evolution of a firm can be understood as a phase of growth since the time of family-owned companies was on its way out due to the tremendous need for capital to obtain the real economies of scale required for big business (Griffiths & Wall, 2004). By 1986, GE became one of the 12 companies that were used by the DJIA (Dow Jones Industrial Average) to measure the stock index and after more than 112 years, it is the only company which remains on that index while all others have been replaced, acquired by other companies or simply been driven out of business. The historic value of the company can also be marked by the fact that its original headquarters has been noted as a historic place by the American government. GE did not stop at making light bulbs and continued to diversify its business interests through investments in Radio and modern electronics which were considered upcoming technologies at the time. After the world wars, GE found that it was heavily invested in defense since it had been used to help in producing aircraft and other equipment required by America (Welch, 2005). However, this also placed the company amongst the leaders of American business.

Regulatory Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Regulatory Theory - Essay Example Due to convergence of the information and communication technologies into a common delivery model, states were forced to undertake a review of existing legislations and create a new set of guide lines not only to attract private investments but also to meet techno sociological needs of the nation. The first waves of reforms were introduced in 1990s until then telecommunications services were provided by the government under monopoly regime. Private players were allowed to enter the sector when they brought with them the mobile telephony, VoIP, broadband internet and many other value added services. This necessitated the new regulatory frame work to allow the smooth working of these operators in the marketplace. ICT technology is evolving rapidly and the world has become a global village where voice communication and transfer of data takes place at a wink of eye. Analog technologies have got replaced with more efficient digital signals and data storage. ICT networks are now currently relying more on packet switching instead of analog based circuit switching. The shift in technologies has certain implications for regulators and network operators. It will be appropriate to identify how operators are affected with these technological changes. 1. Owing to change in technologies, Network operators have to overhaul existing setup and install new equipments. This necessitates a significant capital outlay for new infrastructure. 2. Development of the Internet and digitalization of the technology has given users a greater flexibility and control over networks to use the services they require; however, operators have less control over how consumers interact with networks and utilize the services in voice and data segments. 3. The governments of the countries allocate spectrum, and often specify how the portion of the spectrum is to be used. Operators are regulated in designing their tariffs, uses and services to their customers. These decisions affect the flexibility of s pectrum in providing ICT services. The historical allocations of spectrum limit the scope for service providers to offer new innovative wireless services. Mobile internet access requires more spectrum than previously made available to the operators. Competitive market is said to be efficient and self corrective when numerous player vie for a given cake. The advantage is that competition helps achieve optimum use of resources and indulges in self correcting as per the demand of the market. Rationale for an Effective Regulator Even in a Competitive Market An effective regulatory body is required to regulate the market players which checks unfair market practices, protects consumer interest and ensures optimum use of resources in national interests. This is in the same fashion as The Bank of England regulates some of the important monetary functions such as money supply, interest rate, repo and reverse repo rate, and private banks are free to formulate their own strategies and compete within the given guidelines as per the regulatory framework enacted by the central bank. Owing to the nature of ICT technology and a host of evolving new technologies, it becomes necessary to ensure fair allocation and the optimum use of spectrum in the larger interest of nation. This also requires having a regulatory body in place to chalk out various policies, procedures, and rules which creates a healthy and competitive environment ensuring the following: 1. Allocation and management of scarce resources in the national interest. 2. Oversees the smooth expansion of ICT networks and services. 3. Creates an

Quality Assurance in Banking Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Quality Assurance in Banking Investment - Essay Example In view of the importance of quality assurance in the investment banks, the process is carried out to strengthen the procedure and standards at corporate level, promoting efficient utilization of available resources so that different functions are carried out in an expeditious and cost effective manner and make recommendations for enhanced customer satisfaction. As investment banking is a service oriented business with most of the profits coming through the investments in businesses and acting as consultant to many businesses, it is necessary that investment banking adopt suitable techniques, theories and principles related to quality assurance for customer satisfaction and retention. Banking Investment or investment banking is part of the financial services industry that offers wide variety of services to corporations and organizations all over the world. The range of products and services is increasing rapidly that has made it difficult to distinguish the most important services because investment banks offer their services in different forms (Turnbull and Moustakatos, 1996)1 The service is an area that helps companies in funds acquisition, advising for wide range of transactions for future businesses (www.wisegeek.com).2 As it is clear that the investment banking deals with providing financial assistance to the companies for business matters, it is essential to ensure quality service in the area. Therefore quality assurance is the main pillar of any business including profit and nonprofit organizations, government and nongovernmental organizations as it affects the level of success in the business. The quality assurance further helps in conducting other evalua tion processes like standards compliance evaluations, brand assurance evaluations, customer or guest experience evaluations, etc. which makes it essential and important in any business organization to maintain a dominant position in the industry market (www.totalqualityassuranceservices.com). In view of the importance of quality assurance, the present paper is intended to discuss the issues and importance related to banking sector particularly in investment banking. Investment Banking Investment banks have multilateral functions to execute in favor of various companies. The service mainly deals with companies like helping private and public corporations in issuing securities in the primary market, guarantee by standby underwriting or best efforts selling and foreign exchange management. (www.economywatch.com).3 Further it is committed towards providing assistance to capital markets as intermediary. These are the institutions that are regarded as counterparts of banks in the capital market in the function of intermediation in the process of resource allocation (Subramanyam, 2004, p.72)4 Need for Quality Assurance in Investment Banking Williamson (1988, p.55) stated that investment banking has been and will continue to be an increasingly intensively competitive business in order to strive in the market which is mainly dominated by the changes as part of strategy in the capital and securities industry. The changes in the market include emergence of institutional investors, internationalization, innovative technology enabling investment banks and their customers to organize and distribute

All Animal Rights Are Equal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

All Animal Rights Are Equal - Essay Example This is similar to what Martin Luther King Jr. argued for when he said that people should be judged by the content of their character and not by the color of their skin. Singer also argues that just because there exists certain factual differences between groups of people (i.e., women are generally physically weaker than men), that this doesn’t justify â€Å"any difference in the amount of consideration we give to their needs and interests† (1977). Singer then relates racism and sexism to a concept known as speciesism. Since racism means that a person believes their race is better than another race, and sexism means that a person believes their gender is superior to the opposite gender, speciesism similarly means that a person believes that humans are superior to animals and can therefore treat them as they please. Speciesism is therefore as morally wrong as racism and sexism. However, a person may ask, why should we treat animals with the same consideration and respect as humans if they can’t reason or talk? For the answer to this question, Singer points to a statement made by Jeremy Bentham, who wrote, â€Å"The question is not, can [animals] reason? Nor can they talk? But, can they suffer?† (1977). The fact that both humans and animals suffer, he believed, shows that both deserve to have their needs and interests considered. In this article, Singer argues that most humans are speciesists. By eating animals, we are using them for our own selfish ends and not considering the violation of rights which we have committed against that animal. If humans had to eat animals to survive that would be another matter, but since we are capable of getting the same nutritional value from things like vegetables and beans, humans usually only eat animals for pleasure. Singer argues that this is unnecessarily cruel and therefore morally wrong. He also writes that many scientific experiments involving animals are also wrong because of they are cruel and the animals are often killed. Here, he says, the benefits to mankind from many of these studies do not outweigh the costs of the inflicting pain on and the killing of animals. Speciesism and the Idea of Equality Although Bonnie Steinbock also writes that we should give consideration to animal suffering, she refutes Singer’s claim that animals and humans have equal rights. But Steinbock does not focus on animal rights in her article because she argues that even if people and animals don’t have equal rights, that doesn’t mean we are justified in treating them poorly. For instance, pulling on a cat’s tail is wrong not because cats have equal rights, but because doing so is simply a morally wrong and cruel action intended to hurt another sentient creature. Of course, Steinbock argues, unnecessary cruelty toward animals in wrong. Yet she could see certain scientific experiments involving animals as justifiable and not morally wrong. If an animal experiment saves human lives, for example, she argues that such an experiment is morally justifiable. She also writes that it is not reasonable to say that animals and

E-Business Strategy-Company Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

E-Business Strategy-Company Report - Essay Example Finally, these three proposals are evaluated on the basis of advantages, risks, cost, resourcing and development timescales of each. A new concept that has emerged from the World Wide Web is of education on the web: E-learning [1], [2]. E-learning has provided students an opportunity to learn even after school hours. Through such platforms they can interact with their teachers, fellow students [3]. Saudi Arabia has launched its efforts in the field of e-learning; it is being used in several schools and universities [6], [7], [8]. The following figure shows the results of a study conducted by Al-Nuaim [11], in which students were compared on the basis of their performance when some of them were taught the same content face-to-face and some were taught online. King Abdulaziz University is named after the establisher of Saudi Arabia. It was made in 1967 with the vision of spreading quality education in the western part of the country. It is located in the city of Jeddah. A group of entrepreneurs went to King Faisal with the proposal of making a university of world class standard so that their youth can also compete with the world. King Faisal gave his full support to the idea and announced that it will be a national university. A committee was formed which was headed by King Faisal himself [4]. It has contributed to the field of e-learning to a great extent due to which Deanship of Distance Learning was established in 2004 [10]. The university has the objective to spread the knowledge of Islamic values and the highest quality of academic knowledge. They want to promote the element of innovative, superior and comprehensive research in a diverse range of fields, so that they can play their part in the development of the society. Their objective is to make their students competent professionals who possess exceptional skills [4]. The university has more than 120,000 students; there is an almost

Flight( I choose the Bald eagle) Research Paper

Flight( I choose the Bald eagle) - Research Paper Example Further topics explored in this research work include the food habit and the challenges faced by Bald Eagles. In short, this research work attempts to provide overall information on one among the most important predators in the sky, i.e., Bald Eagle. Generally, human encroachment affects the ecological balance and sustenance of life. More and more endangered species are at the edge of extinction and the human race is responsible for the same. Within this scenario, the challenges faced by birds like Bald Eagles are unnoticed because human beings provide less importance to this problem. Still, the attempt to retrieve of Bald eagle (mainland of North America) population is noteworthy because the same is an important epoch within the effort to maintain bird population and to save birds from extinction. Thesis statement: The research on Bald Eagle proves that this bird has some peculiar characteristics, its habitat includes wetlands with abundant supply of fish, its food habit includes ca rnivorous (primarily fish), and it faces challenges like human encroachment on habitat, pesticides, and hunting. This section of the research work is broadly divided into: general information, habitat, food habit, and challenges. General information: In real sense, this bird is not bald or with fewer feather on its head. Instead, the name originates from the fact that the color of this bird’s head is white. ... To be specific, female birds are comparatively larger than male birds. These birds have strong legs and toes, most helpful to snatch their prey and to slice meat. This peculiarity is helpful for this bird to have dominance over its prey. Besides, these birds are seen in almost all parts of the mainland of North America. [Untitled figure of population distribution of Bald Eagles in North America]. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from: http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i3520id.html The difference between mature and immature birds of this type is visible because immature birds are with black color on their beaks. On the other side, the mature birds do not have any color variation on their beaks because the dominant color is yellow. One can see that, â€Å"Bald eagles are one of the largest raptors, or birds of prey, in North America† (Magby, 2012). These birds belong to sea eagle variety and they build large nests on tall trees. In addition, this bird’s fame is related to its status as the national bird, within the context of US. Habitat: The main habitat of this bird variety is wetlands, including coastal areas, riverbanks, large lakes, and other type of large water bodies. One can see that this bird selects these areas as main habitat because sustenance and reproduction are important. To be specific, these birds build their nests on tall trees near to water bodies, including wetlands. Besides, abundance of fish variety in wetlands attracts this bird variety to these areas. On the other side, these birds never provide any special importance to tree species. Instead, almost all tall trees are used for nesting purpose, disregarding species. Besides, these birds provide ample importance

AIG Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

AIG Ethics - Essay Example The corporate culture of AIG thrived in a highly deregulated global economy, one where speculation has more than eclipsed any real production (Gupta, 2008). â€Å"Furthermore, the banks would "hedge" the tranches, another way of distributing risk, by purchasing credit default swaps (CDSs) sold by companies like AIG and MBIA. The swaps were a form of insurance. This was seen as a way to make tranches more secure and hence higher rated. For instance, say you're Goldman Sachs and you have $10 million in AAA tranches. You go to AIG to insure it, and the company determines that the risk of default is extremely low so the premium is 1 percent. So you pay AIG $100,000 a year and if the tranche defaults, the company pays you $10 million. But CDSs started getting bought and sold all over the world based on perceived risk. The market grew so large that the underlying debt being insured was $45 trillion—nearly the same size as the annual global economy† (Gupta, 2008). While it was n't just AIG that led to the meltdown, AIG was playing in a world where they were expected to subsidize the entire global economy, with insurance payouts in the trillions. Not only could no company possibly pay this insurance debt, but no country could, not immediately. AIG had violated a primary fiduciary responsibility. It wasn't just the amount being insured, though, but the type of debt. $64 billion of its exposure was to sub-prime packages. These packages, being high-risk, were highly sensitive to changes in their value, which meant that AIG could expect volatile explosions in their assets and responsibilities. To be fair to AIG, it was less than fifty people that brought down a company of thousands (Ferrell and Fraedrich, 200

Trends in consumption patterns Essay Example for Free

Trends in consumption patterns Essay Although no single definition of economics will ever satisfy the demands of all analysts or even of all interested parties, attempts to succinctly define economics as a science, or even as a part of nature have persisted for centuries. A good, but certainly not exhaustive, definition of economics is that it comprises the study of how human beings allocate scarce resources to produce various commodities and how those commodities are distributed for consumption among the people in society with the added provision that the essence of economics lies in the fact that resources are scarce, or at least limited, and that not all human needs and desires can be met. (Economics, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This latter observation forms a central part of all economic theories and in some cases can be regarded as the central premise for   the study of economics altogether. The fact of scarce resources has its counterpart in the availability (or unavailability) of currencies, and also in the desirability of specific resources among specific consumers. The general terminology associated with such considerations is known as the law of supply and demand. From this central idea springs most of what has comprised and still comprises economic theory and practice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The law of supply and demand is at once simple to comprehend and perilously difficult to thoroughly understand. In its   simplest sense, the law of supply and demand refers to   the reality that resources, goods, or commodities which are in high-demand and short supply will command higher prices than resources, goods, or commodities which are abundant but in low demand by consumers.   A readily comprehensible case-in-point would be the example of a rare book, or first edition publication. Such an antiquity may be of value, but its pricing and market value will depend utterly upon demand and availability (supply): The law of supply and demand will determine the value of a first edition, in other words, by how many collectors are interested in obtaining a copy, compared with the number of copies available. Even if a book is in scarce supply, it will have little value if it is not wanted by collectors and equally, a book which has a print run of several thousand copies can still be worth a great deal if there are more collectors requiring a copy than there are copies available. (Law of Supply and, 2005, p. 13)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Such simple models grant an elementary understanding of the law of supply and demand; however, the true implications of the seemingly simple paradigm are many and the nuances of what influences trends in supply and demand is much more difficult to predict and quantify than the basic attributes of the theory itself.   In some ways, entire markets are basically an extension of the law of supply and demand; a concrete representation of it in action, what is called a market is simply a label for an intersection of supply and demand correspondences, from which equilibrium allocations may be deduced but whether or not equilibrium allocations may be determined by scientific study remains ambiguous given the very real influence of psychological factors which impact demand among consumers and are perilously difficult to gauge or predict. (Loasby, 1999, p. 107)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the supply side of the equation, it is possible to pinpoint certain trends and tendencies which lead to imbalance. The law of supply indicates that production should not exceed demand, nonetheless, Economic imbalance caused by overproduction or shortages is a recurring leading cause of business cycle downturns and despite the fact that under most economic theories, this situation should not occurthe pricing system is supposed to create an environment in which supply and demand always match at the market price the ambiguity of consumer demand proves much more difficult to anticipate to gauge with precision. (Schaefer, 1995, p. 17)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One reason for this difficulty on the supply side is that fact that When the economy is at full capacity, certain industries become carried away with the prospects of unlimited growth as they expand production capacity to meet rising demand which,in turn, often leads to overcapacity. Because most business operations tend always to experience fluctuating sales and cost pressures, they concentrate on immediate business problems-not realizing the severity of the overcapacity. (Schaefer, 1995, p. 17)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The same principle holds true for currency itself: when overcpacity is reached in forms of currency, inflation is the result: an increase in the amount of circulating currency beyond the needs of trade; an oversupply of currency is created, and, in accordance with the law of supply and demand, the value of money decreases. Deflation is brought about by the opposite condition and yet despite the working, theoretical paradigm, a balance in supply and demand is usually fleeting. Modern economics admits a new form inflation: government borrowing, the increase in the money supply, and a diminished supply of consumer goods which can   increase demand relative to supply and force rising prices.   (Inflation, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the demand side, ambiguities and uncertainties flourish.   The law of demand dictates that demand for a product or good or commodity plus its relative availability will create the price. However, since consumer demand is a fickle and unpredictable force shaped by myriad factors, it is often difficult to spot or predict trends which will yield a good balance between supply and demand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An example of just how subject to vagaries and random events is the notion of consumer demand, is the notion of the umbrella company looking to sell umbrellas Contingencies open up a very wide field. Rain on May 15, 2006 certainly matters, but so does rain on May 14, since this is likely to bring forward some purchases, and therefore to affect both supply and demand on May 15   which is hardly a mathematical paradigm susceptible to logical scrutiny, much less production quotas.   (Loasby, 1999, p. 110)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It becomes incumbent upon the observer to regard the demand side of the supply and demand paradigm as somewhat beholden to psychological vagaries the laws of value and exchange as dependent on the (psychological) law of diminishing returns of satisfaction as the presumed basis of the entire theoretical study of consumption. In this sense, the universal catallactic law of supply and demand involves a (psychological) linkage with the realm of consumption (Zafirovski, 2003, p. 19).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As such it is often useful to regard consumer trends as psychologically driven and to avoid using the market specification as a framework for investigating demand, and instead considering the   variety of intentions among potential purchasers in order to specify the market correctly. (Loasby, 1999, p. 110)   Another factor which contributes to consumer demand is personal disposable income and this aspect of economics is influenced by many   things: The amount of personal disposable income that consumers have available to spend in retail outlets is influenced by a number of general economic factors including: †¢ unemployment levels; †¢ regional employment patterns; †¢ interest rate levels; †¢ inflation levels; †¢ earnings levels. (Varley Gillooley, 2001, p. 61) With such a wide range of considerations, it is no surprise that the intricacies of supply and demand have not bee reduced to formulaic consistency de spite centuries of analysis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   References Inflation. (2004). In The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). New York: Columbia University   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Press. Law of Supply and Demand Determines Value of First Editions. (2005, January 8). Western   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mail (Cardiff, Wales), p. 13. Poindexter, J. T. (1993). Labor and Economic Trends: Effect on U.S. Workforce. Review of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Business, 15(1), 34+. Schaefer, H. G. (1995). International Economic Trend Analysis. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Varley, R., Gillooley, D. (2001). Retail Product Management: Buying and Merchandising.   Ã‚  Ã‚   London: Routledge. Zafirovski, M. (2003). Market and Society: Two Theoretical Frameworks. Westport, CT:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Praeger.

Analysis of the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill

Analysis of the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill The world witnessed the largest oil spill in its history in April 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico. The explosion occurred in an oil well of British Petroleum and it is estimated that almost 4.9 billion barrels of oil was leaked to the Atlantic Ocean during the first three months since the incident. The oil spill had devastating effects of the economy and environment of America and the company had to face severe criticism from across the world community. Macro-environmental factors affecting BP Political Environment British Petroleum has held back its dividend payout to its prime stakeholders as they had been under pressure from the United States government regarding the oil spill that had occurred in the Gulf of Mexico. The company had agreed to sell of 30 billion worth of assets to pay off its clean-up bills. The company will resume its prime stakeholder dividend payout at 7 cents/share. British Petroleum is looking forward to sell two of its key refineries in the United States. United States have threatened to replace BP from the project to seal the exploded well in the deepwater horizon. Obama acknowledged that the Gulf of Mexico contributes a major of its domestic production; he added that offshore oil drilling can be pursued only with an assurance that devastating incidents like the British Petroleum oil spill will not occur in future. Economic Environment British Petroleum oil spill has resulted in huge lose in terms of Share price fall and it is estimated to be around $25 bn. Out of this huge amount almost 15 bn is account under facilitating hygienic water supply for the needy people around. To understand the size of amount brought in it is essential to look at what exactly the global online giant Google makes annually ($20 bn). Apart from this an additional cost is likely to incur, BP will be forced to spend an approx amount of $300 mn to cap the pill and one more thing this does not count the cleanup cost. This would be equivalent to cost of buying fuel to drive a SUV around the globe for 60,237 times British Petroleum has seen a value erosion of  £8 billion following the announcement made by the president himself that the company has to pay the cleanup costs of the massive oil spill. The company saw a fall of 11 % since the blast. British Petroleum has ended with a loss of $4.9bn ( £3.1bn) during 2010, this is for the first time the company is incurring loss since 1992. Social Environment British Petroleum was condemned for not being a socially responsible. Pax World, who is considered to be a smart investor, sold out its 8,000 shares of British Petroleum to show its response toward the disaster. Many other investors already sold their shares even before the oil spill because they were sure that the company is not following proper safety regulations as well as social responsibility. After the spill large number of shareholders especially corporate investors sold off their shares as holding back their shares in BP would affect their image also. Thousands of people who lived along the coastline lost their livelihoods due to the spill. Death of aquatic life left the fishermen families with no earnings. Similarly many people who worked in sea food industries also lost their jobs. The spill also causes severe health issues among the people who are associated with removing the chemical dispersants. The most prominent issue is that it causes internal hemorrhage which results in gradual death. This way the oil spill can also prove fatal for human beings. Technological Environment The oil spill made the company to come up with many technological innovations that could help it to solve or at least neutralize some of the effects. The company invented a number of devices for stopping the oil flow. The capping stack was the most prominent device which served this purpose. BP developed a radio repeater system which extends from Florida Panhandle to Louisiana. This system is useful for workers within the network to communicate among themselves and solve the queries quickly. This will improve the efficiency of problem handling system thereby reducing the chances of error. The company also designed specialized tools that are capable of working beneath water surface even at a depth of 5000 feet. Many un-experimented techniques were used after the oil spill. The Macondo prospect tried to shear the damaged riser pipes which had inch-thick walls even at depth of 50,000 feet. Environmental Effects The most devastating effect of the oil spill was on the environment. The company heard severe criticism for the ecological impacts of the oil spill. The environment of Gulf of Mexico was completely damaged from the spill. Tons of species are being affected by the spill out of which ten are in the verge of extinction. Some of them include dolphins, pelicans, planktons, oysters etc. Since oysters and shrimps form an important part of the sea food industry, the spill in large way affects the American sea food market also. The American state of Louisiana which is nearest to the oil well is the most affected by the incident. As per the state officials, around 400 km long coastline of Louisiana is polluted by the oil leaked from the oil wells. In the first six weeks after the explosion, around 491 birds, 227 turtles and 27 mammals, including dolphins, have been found dead along the US Gulf coast. Most of them in this list were already in the endangered species list. Since most of the sea animals belong to the primary level of food chain, any effect on them would affect the complete food chain. This way it could bring genetic effects even to human beings. The undersea aquatic life is not the only area which is being affected. The oil leaked from the wells washed up the coastal wetlands which were already facing devastation from the overdevelopment, pollution and remaining effects of hurricane Katrina. Strategic Decisions for Future British Petroleum had to devise a strategic plan that would help them to solve the issues that were caused by the oil spill as well as increase the company image. As a part of this process, the company will have to introduce a number of strategies in different areas. The first strategy must be in sealing the oil well and preventing any further leak. The cleaning up of the oil slick must also be done perfectly so that critics cannot come up with any more blames. The company had already performed well sealing in a good way and as per BP officials; this issue was tackled by July 2010. BP also must take extra care in order to avoid any such issue in the future because even a small error would put all the pain taken till now in vain. The greatest concern after the oil spill was on the effect it had on environment. It is a herculean task for the company to solve the effects on environment as many of them are irreparable. But as a part of the process, the company must focus on different areas related to environment that were severely affected. The beaches and the shorelines that were besieged by oil must be cleaned as an initial step since public can witness the condition of these places. So any flaw in their cleaning would bring in wide spread criticism from the public. Similarly measures must be taken to reduce the damage caused to environment, wildlife as well as ecological system. The claims and complaints of people who were directly or indirectly affected by the oil spill must also be dealt with. This will be quite helpful in reducing the public anger towards the company. The investors will also be satisfied by this measure. The livelihoods of many people like the fishermen and those who worked in the sea food factories were lost due to the spill. The company must take measures to restore their lives back by providing them with employment opportunities or other means of living. These ways the company must come closer to the society and rebuild their image. Entering into social initiatives would keep up their name as a socially responsible company which will bring in more investors also. Marketing plan to recover from the disaster and to regain people confidence It is essential that the company pursue a more customer centric marketing plan because company need restore it brand value. British Petroleum response toward the environmental issue comes to a point just below fatuous. It is time to go beyond and find an alternative solution to the environmental issues faced by the British Petroleum Sharing Concern British Petroleums Chief Executives are making frequent media appearances not to show his individual apprehension but to convey the message that the company is actively responding to the environmental issue. It will help the company to portrait itself to be more cautiously responding to the environmental issue. The company understands the impact of tragic shock on customers and that on high priority Casualty aid The company had taken measure to support the families of the despaired and injured. Financial aids are in place for the people who lost their job because of this disaster. It takes leadership in encouraging other companies in the same sector to flow new safety measures and policies to avoid further incidents like this. BP should also create more employment opportunity to help the local residents who relied on marine sources to earn their daily bread. Restoring the loss British Petroleum should join hand with NFWF (National Fish and Wild Life Foundation) by providing assistance to preserve the species mostly affected by the oil spill in the deepwater incident and because of this incident some of these species like shorebirds, water fowls, marsh birds, sea turtles and other marine vertebrates living at this part of ocean got merely extinct. Taking this point into consideration, British Petroleum should liaison with marine and wild life conservative organizations to replenish the lost population of those marine species. The company should also appreciate other external bodies and volunteers who wish to be a part of this restoration program. Combined Effort BP should take steps to make customer aware, through there retail outlets to the extent of companys efforts in restoration from the environmental disaster and encourage the customer to share their valuable feedback in developing new safety procedures or to promote the willing customers to render their share of inputs in mitigating the time involved to restore things back to their normal state. Online Measures An online discussion on this matter will give everyone around the world to talk about their opinion into it. While creating an online blog or community on this issue asking for valuable suggestion would definitely bring up some serious feed back from people related to this field and also of the general public. When public gets aware of the fact that BP is using such a polite way to ask for suggestions from even a common man, there is a mere chance of regaining the goodwill of the general public. Forming Research foundation Bp could exploit this situation to bring in more industrial support, and corroborate with other organization in the same field and with the government to device custom made solutions which could fit in with the situational requirements. BP could bring up a research foundation mostly oriented to solve future incidents like the one happened in the Gulf of Mexico, the best solutions can be shared with the government authorities and the environmental regulators to bring up new safety norms which can be put into action in the near future. Recovery strategy British Petroleum is now in a midst of a critical situation where it is losing its brand value in terms of market share and people support. It has made a severe impact on its macro environment, so it needs to deal with all economical, social, political and technological failures. Hence one single solution cannot address all these issues and an open strategy need to be adopted that provides custom solutions to every aspect of its macro environment. Thus it should be an integrated approach that adds more value to it at each point of recovery attempt. Here is some recovery methodology which could be implemented by the British Petroleum: Safety measures: BP needs to come up with better safety techniques that could prevent future incidents like this. They could spend more money on procuring good quality equipments and proper equipments maintenance. They could also develop a way to improve communication by creating better response team, who shall be trained for generating a quick reaction to any future adversities, by mitigating the impact of a huge event like what has occurred in the Gulf of Mexico. Eco friendly Drilling Techniques and waste disposal BP needs to do a bit research in developing a Eco Friendly Drilling Methods (EFDM) that address: Least impacting drilling technology that reduces the mark of drilling activities Less heavier driller rigs that has low carbon emission system On-Spot waste disposal techniques The prime goal behind this initiative would be to recognize, build and test inventive technologies which could eliminate the environmental effects on oil and gas which could result adversely on sensitive environmental locations. BP can look forward in building its global tie-ups in developing partnership programs that enable technology transfer and develop fresh attempt that would deals with environmental worries. Highly trained and qualified professionals BP needs to recruit better trained and highly skilled professional who are capable to handle adverse situations effectively and efficiently. The advantage of employing trained ones could help in detecting the problem prone areas in the earlier stages so that preventive measures could be adopted. Charitable initiatives Oil spill has destroyed the goodwill holdings and company should do the needful to restore it in a very short duration to avoid further loss. The focus should be placed on more social engagements that would keep the brand close to public. More charitable endeavors need to given priority to calm down the agitated groups that raise voice against and tamper the recovery moves that the company undertakes. Celebrity endorsement and ad campaigns Company could also use media to have celebrity endorsements and creative ad campaign to keep the customer focus on to the final product quality. More importance should be given toward product differentiation and product placement. Tourism and Seafood Promotion Oil spill has impact the lively hood of the local fisherman community and the regional tourism adversely. Hence it the added responsibility of the company to restore everything back in place. Either they should make necessary arrangement to compensate the loss or make provisions to boost the morale and join hand with the people in bringing things back to normal. Company could initiate adventure sports activities/organize international seafood festival that stands out with high quality tested seafoods.

The Reconstruction Era

The Reconstruction Era Courtney Gehring The Reconstruction Era followed the abolishment of slavery and gave hope to reconnect families and become political, social, and economic equals with the white men who once enslaved them. Sadly, this was all false hope. The freedmen and freedwomen in the South became sucked back into a slavery by a different name type of servitude for the same plantation owners that once owned them with no hope of becoming an equal. During the time of Reconstruction there were three phases of reform, presidential, congressional, and radical. Presidential Reconstruction was led by President Johnson after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Johnson followed the same Reconstruction Plan that Lincoln had laid out: return all confiscated property, political rights to all except for the highest ranking Confederate soldiers, pardon the South on all wrongdoing, and to readmit states with 10% of its voting public.[1] Congressional Reconstruction began with the authorization of the Freedmans Bureau. This bureau was established to help and aid the freedmen after the war. Congress also nullified the Black Codes which Southern states put into law after the war to restrict African American rights and force them to work for low wages and in debt.[2] Although the Black Codes were nullified, the South created the Jim Crow laws which reenacted many of the same laws as the Black Codes and didnt officially disappear until the Civ il Rights Act of 1964 was passed. The last phase of Reconstruction was the Radical Reconstruction. During this time, radicals were elected into power. Due to this, Union troops were sent into the South to help protect the freedmen and to help keep the peace. All freedmen could legally register to vote as the 14th Amendment was passed granting African American males suffrage as it would provide them a voice and supply the freedmen with the best opportunity to fight against the oppressive class-legislation, as well as against individual persecution.[3] During this Radical Reconstruction, 400 freedmen were elected into higher office and 16 freedmen were elected into Congress. Former slave owners became infuriated by African Americans in political offices and as a result founded the Ku Klux Klan and eradicated the Southern GOP coalition. They accomplished this by accusing the carpetbaggers and poor white southerners, of having relations with freedwomen as interracial relations were illegal at this time and heavily looked down on in society. The former slave owners also convinced the poor white southerners that the freedmen were taking resources from them. Also talked them into putting racial needs before economical needs when voting. The Ku Klux Klan increased violence to discourage freedmen from voting. Another way to prevent freedmen from voting was by imposing poll taxes and by enforcing that the voter needs to know the State Constitution before they can register to vote.[4] The Southern economy was thrown into confusion by the end of the way and the former slave owners now needed to re-establish a work force and the freedmen needed jobs as the government failed to provide them with an economical plan. This complication led to sharecropping, in which freedmen would rent a place to live from the plantation owner and would work for them and in return the freedmen get to keep a portion of the crops they grow.[5] This forced the freedmen and women into a never ending cycle of debt as they do not have the money to pay for rent, their own tools, or for their own food; this prevented them from obtaining any economic equality or freedom. The Southerners have endorsed a racial and gender hierarchy in the South. At the top are the wealthy white men and the wealthy white women, then the poor white men and poor white women, and at the bottom are the black men and black women. This hierarchy helps to prevent a Radical Reconstruction from happening again as the freedm en and freedwomen have learned their place in southern society and possess no political or economic power. With the 1876 Presidential Election closing in, the Republican Presidential candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, promised the Democratic House of Representatives to remove the troops in the South. Hayes promised to do this in order to win the election with the help of the South. He truly didnt care about the South and the freedmen, Hayes cared more about the industrial revolution in the North. This became the official end of the Reconstruction Era in the United States. Question 2: From the late 1870s until the early 1930s there had been a massive struggle between the farmers/laborers and the big businesses of the U.S. Most businesses demanded long hours and paid their workers pennies. The workers also had to endure small cramped workspaces overfilled with people and machines. Most businesses were dirty with smoke filled air and unsanitary conditions. Many families made so little that everyone, including children, had to work. For example, at the Hickory Colliery in Pennsylvania, it was very common for boys who worked in the mines for $1-$3 a week, to end up being indebted to the company by the end of the month as he had to pay more to get to work than he got paid for the work he actually did.[6] Farmers, the original backbone to the economy, were now at the mercy of big corporations as well. They felt as though corporations were chipping away at their profit as they had no control of larger necessities they needed to make a living out of farming. Businesses like equipment dealers now controlled item costs such as harvesters and plows while other businesses like the railroads and grain elevators could charge them more to move and store their crops. This caused farmers who were already in debt from the war to lose even more money. The first major attempt to organize workers on a national scale was the Knights of Labor in 1869. Originally a secret organization created by garment factory workers, the Knights of Labor became open to all workers, which included women, African Americans, and farmers. The Knights grew slowly until after the massive railroad strike in 1885 against Jay Gould, when workers walked out on the job due to pay cuts.[7] Within a year, 500,000 more people joined. The Knights of labor took a political stand as they sought an eight-hour work day, the elimination of child labor, better sanitary conditions, higher wages to match their hard work, and other reforms. The Knights of Labor fell apart after a violent incident in the Haymarket Square in Chicago. Local anarchists got together for a protest meeting to discuss the strike at the McCormick Harvester Company, but soon police showed up to disband the meeting causing someone to throw a bomb that killed multiple policemen.[8] Despite the fall of the Knights of Labor, the labor movement continued and was taken over by the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Unlike the Knights of Labor, the AFL, under Samuel Gompers, only supported skilled workers. Gompers key goals were similar to the Knights of Labors as they wanted increased wages, reducing working hours and improved working conditions. Gompers helped the labor movement to turn away from the socialist ideals that earlier labor groups had embraced, and turned it into an apolitical movement. George Pullman, founder and president of the Pullman Palace Car Company, required his workers live in Pullman City and pay him rent to live there. Due to the depression at the time, Pullman cut workers pay while still expecting the workers to pay the same price as before in rent. Three thousands of Pullmans workers went on a wildcat strike. A majority of the workers on strike belonged to the American Railroad Union (ARU), which was founded by Eugene Debs. Debs, a railroad fireman, created the union as he witnessed the poor working conditions of fellow railroad workers. The men all worked for low wages and some became injured or killed because of unsafe equipment. As a result of the cut wages, ARU members refused to let any train with a Pullman car to move. Hordes of ARU supporters wanted to aid in the strike and began stopping trains. Quickly, there was no trains moving west of Chicago. Railroad companies tried spreading lies about Deb and the ARU. This only angered strikers. and Man y of those supporting the strike stopped trains, smashed switches, and started to set fire to whatever would burn. Another crowd of rioters stopped soldiers accompanying a train. This caused a lot of casualties and well as people injured from bullets. Soon President Cleveland sent in Federal troops to put an end to the strike. This is a major part of history as it was the first time the federal army was sent in to break up a strike. The most belligerent union of the labor movement was the International Workers of the World (IWW). They represented a more radical approach to the unions and they supported the Marxist class struggle.[9] It formed from a mixture of smaller unions fighting for better working conditions out west in the mining industry. The IWW, or Wobblies, gained notability from the Colorado Mine Clashes of 1903. The major issue in Colorado was the fight over the eight-hour workday. The Legislature had passed a statute limiting the workday to eight hours in hazardous industries, such as mining and smelting. But, the Colorado Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional. Voters of Colorado passed a vote to approve the eight-hour workday, but the smelter owners fought any efforts to pass it. This led to the smelters going on strike. At first it appeared that they were going to win their demands without a fight, but then one of the smelter operators refused the deal given to them by the Governor of Colorad o.ÂÂ   The Governor that called in the National Guard who began arresting union leaders and strikers. The violence escalated after a mine exploded on November 21, 1903, which killed a superintendent and a foreman. The commanding officer of the National Guard announced a vagrancy order, it required the strikers to go back to work or be deported from the district. The IWW continued on to help fight for more rights in places like textile mills of Massachusetts, railcar builders in Pennsylvania, and rubber workers in Ohio.[10] Sadly, the greatest motivation for action against the IWW was their success in organizing industries, who were crucial to the war effort, in their call for work stoppages in the midst of the war, and their refusal to stop strikes during the war time. Many of the IWW leaders were arrested under the Espionage Act. Originally the government did not intervene in these ongoing struggles between the working class and the big corporations as the government was in support of a Laissez Faire style economy. The workers were allowed to strike peacefully as it is a first amendment freedom. Most businesses and factories ignored the workers on strike and instead hired new immigrants off the boats to work in their factories as unskilled laborers. Many companies also would deny workers the ability to become members of unions as a way of forcing their ideas that companies control who they fire, who they hire, and what they chose to pay.[11] A tremendous amount of reform was accomplished at the local and state level. In the tristate area, Progressives attempted to find a mind ground between the big businesses and the working class and creates the NY/NJ Port Authority. This was created as a private public service to help regulate the tolls and fees when crossing between New York and New Jersey. Although the government did enact the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1980, it did not accomplish much as many companies avoided the law by converting their monopolies into holding companies. Congress also passed the Pure Food and Drug Act and created the Food and Drug Administration in 1906 to improve food and medicine safety for the public. This came after Upton Sinclairs book, The Jungle, which highlighted that due to lack of government policies, the meat packing industry was packaging and selling rotten meat to the consumer as well as how dirty the facilities was as the owners only cared to make money.[12]ÂÂ   While president, Wilson in 1912, created the national banking system. He also prohibited unfair business practices and outlawed full time employment of children under the age of 16. In the midst of entering World War I, the War Industry Board redirected industry in America to help produce and provide necessities for the war. In doing this, the board granted higher wages, eigh t hour workdays, and minimum wage to the workers.[13] During the 1920s, President Coolidge raised international tariffs and gave big businesses tax cuts. He hoped that by giving businesses tax breaks that they would use to money to create more jobs in order to help encourage people of the working class to buy more. Sadly, most businesses created a few jobs and pocketed the rest of the money they saved from the tax cuts. At this time, U.S. businesses had learned how to use better technology in order to increase productivity. Unfortunately, they needed more of a demand for the amount of products they were producing. Government and businesses at this time introduce credit as a way to help stimulate the economy while engulfing people in consumerism. Companies, like Listerine, created ads targeted at everyday insecurities to convince more of the public that they needed their product.[14] Question 3: On November 2, 1920 women were first able to legally vote in a presidential election. Women and activists have fought for womans suffrage for over a century and finally, in August of 1920, the women of the United States won suffrage and were finally granted equality in the public sphere. Women have fought to leave the private sphere of the home and enter into the politics of the public sphere through the practice of maternalism, also known as public mothering.ÂÂ   Women, such as Jane Addams and other upper class women, used the males idea that women belong in the home as a way to gain access into the public sphere. Maternalism was womens way of participating in politics by using their natural maternal talent as mothers such as cleaning, looking after others, and providing care. [15] Men, like Theodore Roosevelt, believed that women belong in the home as a housewife and focus on raising the children.[16] Women agreed with this male ideal that they belonged in the private sphere, but as a mother they would be good at government housekeeping as politics were a mess at the time. Cities in the early 20th Century ran on corruption and that created dirty politics. Chicago itself was literally dirty, skies filled with smoke and dirt while the streets piled up with garbage and human waste. Jane Addams herself reached out to city hall to develop a public sewer system and reform the system of garbage collecting to help clean up the city.[17] Addams also contributed to her social work in Chicago by creating the Hull-House, a settlement house to help the immigrants in the city to teach them English, educate them in how to safely care for their children in cities. Settlement houses started popping up around the country as a safe way to help immigrants inside of the major citi es, and defend this major non-profit as public mothering of the immigrants. Women also used maternalism to create the Childrens Bureau (1912), the first federal agency in the United States.[18] Their reasoning behind needing this federal agency was to administer birth certificates to help track of mother and infant mortality rates among the working class. Compared birth certificates and death certificates to produce and show statistics showing the high mortality rate among mothers and infants among the poor. Margaret Sanger, founder of Planned Parenthood, used these statistics to rationalize why they needed to make birth control legal and accessible. Many mothers died from having too many births as they become more dangerous the more women have. Advertised that they needed birth control in order to stay alive and to be a better mother to the children they already had. Maternalism was exceedingly successful as it got a lot of women out into the public sphere and into politics alongside of the men. Sadly, these reforms mostly only reached out to the local and state levels. The biggest downside of maternalism was that women had to agree with men and admit that they belonged in the private sphere of the home. In other terms, these women said they know that women are not equal to men. In many ways, maternalism can be seen a big success for what they accomplished but also as a failure as they reinforced the idea that women are not equal. Bibliography Addams, Jane. Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes. 1910. Advertisement for Listerine. 1923. Baruch, Bernard M. American Industry in the War: A Report of the War Industries Board. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921. Henretta, James A., and Rebecca Edwards, and Robert O. Self. Americas History 7th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2011. Laws of Mississippi. 1865. On Child Labor. Labor Standard, 1877. Roosevelt, Theodore. The Strenuous Life. New York: Review of Reviews Company, 1919. Thorpe, Francis N., ed. The Federal and State Constitutions of the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1909. U.S. Congress, Senate. 39th Cong., 1st sess. Washington, D.C.: 1865. U.S. Strike Commission. Report on the Chicago Strike of June-July, 1894Senate, Executive Document No. 7, 53rd Congress, 3rd Session. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1895. [1] James A. Henretta, and Rebecca Edwards, and Robert O. Self, Americas History 7th ed. (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2011), 464. [2] Laws of Mississippi, 1865, 82. [3] U.S. Congress, Senate, 39th Cong., 1st sess., 1865, ex. doc. No. 2, 1-5, 8, 36-39, 41-44. [4] Francis N. Thorpe, ed., The Federal and State Constitutions of the United States (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1909), 4:2120-2121. [5] Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 476. [6] On Child Labor (Labor Standard, 1877). [7] Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 551. [8] Ibid., 552. [9] Ibid., 644. [10] Ibid., 644. [11] U.S. Strike Commission, Report on the Chicago Strike of June-July, 1894Senate, Executive Document No. 7, 53rd Congress, 3rd Session (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1895), 621-622. [12] Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 610. [13] Bernard M. Baruch, American Industry in the War: A Report of the War Industries Board (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921), 65-67, 69, 100. [14] Advertisement for Listerine (1923). [15] Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 572. [16] Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenuous Life (New York: Review of Reviews Company, 1919), 3-22. [17] Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes (1910), 200-204. [18]ÂÂ   Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 640.

Discrimination and Civil Rights in America Essays -- Civil Rights and

â€Å" Civil rights is the term that refers to the right of every person to equal access to society’s opportunities and public facilities.† Civil rights is used to imply that the state has a positive role in ensuring all citizens equal protection under law and equal opportunity to exercise the privileges of citizenship and to participate fully in life regardless of race, sex, religion, or other characters unrelated to the value of the individual. According to Webster’s Dictionary, the definition of civil rights is â€Å"the right s to personal liberty and to legal, economic, and social equality establish by amendments to the U.S. Constitution and by certain Congressional acts.† (Merriam-Webster) Civil rights have to with whether individual members of differing groups- racial, sexual, and the like- are treated equally by government and, in some areas, by private parties. Civil rights deal with issues of equality among the American citizens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The concept that human beings having inalienable rights and liberties that cannot be violated by others or the state is linked to the history of democracy. It was first expressed by the philosophers of ancient Greece. In theory, Americans are equal in their rights, but in reality, they are not now equal, nor have they ever been. African Americans, women, Hispanic Americans, the disabled, Jews, American Indians, Catholics, and members of nearly every other minority group have been victims of discrimination in fact and in law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The...

Capital Punishment: Costs Of The Death Penalty Essay -- essays researc

Capital Punishment: Costs of The Death Penalty Let us suppose that killing as a form of punishment is a moral and universally accepted practice. Would it then be acceptable to issue this irreparable sanction to a select few while allowing others, equally accountable, to avoid it? It is acceptable to our criminal justice system for it seems to be standard operating procedure. Many embrace the death penalty based on the "eye for an eye" concept. There is certainly some merit to this argument and it seems quite fair and logical. Unfortunately our use of the death penalty is neither fair nor logical. Our criminal justice system's "lip service" to the age-old concept is an insulting disguise for such an obscurity of fairness and logic. The death penalty is frivolous and discriminatory in its procedure because of the unreasonable prices we pay to execute certain groups at much higher rates than others. We pay different prices for using a death penalty. Sadly, today more than ever, the dollar seems to be the endlessly interchangeable standard of value. We strive to make money, save money and when we spend money we do so with a valued return in mind. Accordingly, a popular argument contends that we spend too much money incarcerating prisoners for life. We probably do but the price tag on issuing a death sentence according to a Florida study is $3.1 million compared to $1 million for a life sentence; a 3100% difference (Walker 1994, 108). Imagine your death bein...

Plane Crash :: essays research papers

I woke up with a loud scream which took over the silence that filled my room. My mom came running to my room just to check on me. It was a very unusual dream and I couldn’t remember anything of it. At that moment it seemed as if it was reality and I hated that awkward feeling that I kept getting. The shirt that I was wearing was stuck to my body and my face had turned all red. I got up to wash up telling my mom that I would be ok. As I opened the door to my room I could smell something burning, and it seemed like my mom had forgotten the brownies in the oven. It was very unusual of her to do such a thing because she was always precautious with everything she did, and she would be extra careful today because her sister was coming after not seeing her for 3 years. This day had started off very badly and I didn’t like where it was heading. My mom ran down stairs, and I so did I so that I could be some kind of help for her. I had forgotten to wear the gloves and as I opened the oven I burnt my hand, and a lot of smoke came out of the oven. Instead of being any kind of help I was being much more trouble for my mom because she had to run off and get me medicine for my fingers. Now I would be unable to help my mom with anything for I was disabled, all I could do was open the windows of the kitchen so that the smoke would go away. The smoke that came out of the oven filled the kitchen and it smelled horrible, we had to wait for half an hour until some of the smoke had gone away. I tried helping my mom with some of the cooking but I really couldn’t do much. As I stood in the kitchen watching my mom preparing dinner, I got flashbacks of the dream that I had. I tried not thinking about it but it kept coming over and over. I thought of how the smoke came out of the oven, did all this mean anything? I began to get very wo rried and I really couldn’t do anything about it, all I could do was pray and hope that nothing would happen.

Peace Versus War Essay

A war cannot achieve what peace can. The forces of peace can rule over ignorance and superstition, over illiteracy and immorality, over disease and physical suffering, over poverty and governmental oppression. The conquests of peace are non ­violent and bloodless. They cause no grief to humanity and do not damage life or property. War causes streams of blood and untold havoc. Only the victories of peace leave no maimed limbs or mutilated bodies, no ruined cities or scorched fields. Even a superficial glance at the course of the two world wars will tell us that their victories were gained at an incalculable cost. The triumph of the First World War proved to be of a short duration. The victory itself sowed, in fact, the seeds of the Second World War. Who knows that the victory of World War- II may also prove to be of an equally short duration and a third global war may even now be in the offing. The victories of Peace, however, are everlasting. They do not rankle in the mind of any nation and their fruits are enjoyed by all people. The victorious in war exploits the conquered people. The example is the occupation of Germany and Japan by the forces of the allied countries. If the axis powers had won the war, they would have exploited the Allies in the same, if not in a worse way. Thus, victory in war is gained at a heavy cost of life, and also implies the annexation and enslavement of many territories and the exploitation of many more. The victories of peace, on the contrary, involve no butchery of human beings and are, besides, of value to the entire world. Only peace social reforms. During war men are too busy in militaristic activities to think of social improvement. It is only during peace that a literacy campaign can be started, that the standard of living of the masses can be raised, that better houses can be built for the poor, that more schools and colleges can be opened, that prisons can be reformed, that crime can be effectively checked. Even the proper working of democracy itself is possible only in times of peace. There can be no elections, no government of the people when a country is in the throes of war. Peace promotes democracy. In short, it is during peace that a general improvement is possible in cleanliness and decency, in refinement and taste, in habits and morals, in manners and speech. In peace, too, lies the opportunity for sports, for horse-racing, skiing, tennis, cricket, football and hockey tournaments and athletic contests of all kinds. It is often said in favour of war that it brings out the best in man by creating opportunities for human beings to display their great powers of endurance, their courage, their capacity for self- sacrifice, their patriotism. This is true enough. In times of peace, people do tend to become lethargic and indolent. Too much ease begets idleness and an indifference to work. But to applaud war because it stimulates men into activity would really be preposterous. So grim are the horrors of war and so devastating its effects that no defence of it on any ground whatsoever is possible.

Strategy Marketing Report on K&N’s

K&N’s, a founding pillar and beacon for Pakistan’s Poultry Industry started in 1964 with a single minded objective of providing better nutrition for health and happiness of the nation. Building on years of poultry expertise and commitment to food-safety, K&N’s integrated all poultry production activities under one umbrella to bring you safe and healthy chicken by managing and controlling all stages of production. Products. K&N’s markets layer and broiler hatching-eggs, layer and broiler, day-old chicks, poultry feed, processed chicken and ready-to-cook & fully cooked food. I selected only the ready to cook category of K&N’s which include Nuggets, Croquettes, Chicken Tempura, Burger Patties, Kofta, Combo wings, Fun nuggets, Hot Tenders, Chapli Kabab, Harey Bharey Nuggets and Tender Pops. Distribution Products are stored at -21?C to maintain freshness. Packed products are moved into K&N’s sanitized refrigerated trucks for distribution to ensure uncompromising quality control. K&N’s chicken products are available at K&N’s Chicken Stores and leading retailers and also delivered to quality and food-safety conscious institutions such as hotels, restaurants, airlines, clubs and international restaurant chains. Market share Market share of K&N’s is almost 70% (on average) in ready to cook food category. At Hyper Star almost 80% people buy K&N’s products. At CSD almost 60% people buy K&N’s products and at Macro almost 75% people buy this brand. This is the highest market share and at this time it is the leading brand in this category. Where the brand stands? The brand is growing rapidly day by day due to the customer satisfaction and the product is according to the customer’s requirement as well as they are targeting different segments of the markets like children and the vegetarians. Positive points of its product From the customer view point K&N’s is providing healthy food. It is easy to cook especially it facilitates the working women because they don’t have much time to make all those things in home. They are targeting the children as well through fun nuggets so women are using for their children lunch. This brand provides the hygienic food to its customer that build trust in the customer. Moreover the taste of K&N’s food is superior then others. These attributes are increasing its’ market share and this brand is growing. Competitors Competitors of K&N’s are Menu and Mano salwa. Both of these brands couldn’t make its brand image as strong as K&N’s has. Secondly they are not providing that level of customer satisfaction that K&N’s is providing. Target market The company is targeting different age groups as well as different income groups. Their prices are normal so even a middle class person can afford it. They are targeting elite upper middle and middle class. On the age basis, they are targeting children as well as the young people. Conclusion K&N’s is a largest selling brand in ready to cook food category. They are focusing more and more on the fully cooked products for the ease of customers with the special focus on the hygiene factor. It is the brand that provide value product to its customer. There market starts with the customers and end with the customer. This is the main reason for their market share and market growth

Text Linguistics

TEXT LINGUISTICS Structure As a science of text, text linguistics describes or explains among different types of text the: * Shared features * Distinct features Text linguistics is the study of how texts function in human interaction. Beaugrande and Dressler define a text as a â€Å"communicative occurrence which meets seven standards of textuality† – Cohesion, Coherence, Intentionality, Acceptability, Informativity, Situationality and Intertextuality, without any of which the text will not be communicative.Non-communicative texts are treated as non-texts. [4] [edit] Cohesion Surface texts are the exact words that people see or hear. Cohesion concerns the ways in which the components of the surface text are connected within a sequence. Grammatical forms and conventions are adhered to by surface components and therefore cohesion rests upon grammatical dependencies. The grammatical dependencies in surface texts are major signals for sorting out meanings and uses.Cohesion encompasses all of the functions that can be used to signal relations among surface elements. â€Å"| SLOWCARS HELD UP| †| Such a text can be divided up into various dependencies. Someone might construe it as a notice about ‘slow cars’ that are ‘held up’, so that conclusions could be drawn about the need to drive fast to avoid being held up. However, it is more likely for one to divide the text into ‘slow’ and ‘cars held up’, so that drivers will drive slowly to avoid accidents or take alternative routes to avoid being caught in the slow traffic.A science of text should explain how ambiguities such as this are possible, as well as how they are precluded or resolved without much difficulty. For efficient communication to take place there must be interaction between cohesion and other standards of textuality because the surface alone is not decisive. [edit] Coherence Coherence concerns the ways in which concepts and relations, which underlie the surface text, are linked, relevant and used, to achieve efficient communication. A concept is a cognitive content which can be retrieved or triggered with a high degree of consistency in the mind * Relations are the links between concepts within a text, with each link identified with the concept that it connects to Surface texts may not always express relations explicitly therefore people supply as many relations as are needed to make sense out of any particular text. In the example of the road sign ‘SLOW CARS HELD UP’, ‘cars’ is an object concept and ‘held up’ an action concept, and the ‘cars’ are the link to ‘held up’.Therefore, ‘slow’ is more likely to be interpreted as a motion than as the speed at which cars are travelling. Types of relations include: I. Causality â€Å"| Itsy Bitsy spider climbing up the spout. Down came the rain and washed the spider out| †| The event of à ¢â‚¬Ëœraining’ causes the event of ‘washing the spider out’ because it creates the necessary conditions for the latter; without the rain, the spider will not be washed out. II. Enablement â€Å"| Humpty Dumpty sat on the wall, Humpty Dumpty had a great fall| †| The action of sitting on the wall created the sufficient but not necessary conditions for the action of falling down.Sitting on a wall makes it possible but not obligatory for falling down to occur. III. Reason â€Å"| Jack shall have but a penny a day because he can’t work any faster| †| In contrast to the rain which causes Itsy Bitsy spider to be washed out, the slow working does not actually cause or enable the low wage. Instead, the low wage is a reasonable outcome; ‘reason’ is used to term actions that occur as a rational response to a previous event. IV.Purpose â€Å"| Old Mother Hubbard went to the cupboard to get her poor dog a bone| †| In contrast to Humpty Dumpty’s action of sitting on the wall which enables the action of falling down, there is a plan involved here; Humpty Dumpty did not sit on the wall so that it could fall down but Old Mother Hubbard went to the cupboard so that she could get a bone. ‘Purpose’ is used to term events that are planned to be made possible via a previous event. V. Time ‘Cause’, ‘Enablement’ and ‘Reason’ have forward directionality with the earlier event causing, enabling or providing reason for the later event. Purpose’, however, has a backward directionality as the later event provides the purpose for the earlier event. More than just a feature of texts, coherence is also the outcome of cognitive processes among text users. The nearness and proximity of events in a text will trigger operations which recover or create coherence relations. â€Å"| The Queen of Hearts, she made some tarts;The Knave of Hearts, he stole the tarts; The King of Hearts, called for the tarts| †| In the explicit text, there is a set of actions (making, stealing and calling); the only relations presented are the agent and the affected entity of each action.However, a text receiver is likely to assume that the locations of all three events are close to one another as well as occur in a continuous and relatively short time frame. One might also assume that the actions are meant to signal the attributes of the agents; the Queen is skilled in cooking, the Knave is dishonest and the King is authoritative. As such, coherence encompasses inferencing based on one’s knowledge. For a text to make sense, there has to be interaction between one’s accumulated knowledge and the text-presented knowledge.Therefore, a science of texts is probabilistic instead of deterministic, that is, inferences by users of any particular text will be similar most of the time instead of all of the time. Most text users have a common core of cognitive co mposition, engagement and process such that their interpretations of texts through ‘sensing’ are similar to what text senders intend them to be. Without cohesion and coherence, communication would be slowed down and could break down altogether. Cohesion and coherence are text-centred notions, designating operations directed at the text materials. [edit] IntentionalityIntentionality concerns the text producer’s attitude and intentions as the text producer uses cohesion and coherence to attain a goal specified in a plan. Without cohesion and coherence, intended goals may not be achieved due to a breakdown of communication. However, depending on the conditions and situations in which the text is used, the goal may still be attained even when cohesion and coherence are not upheld. â€Å"| Want I carry you on my back? | †| Even though cohesion is not maintained in this example, the text producer still succeeds in achieving the goal of finding out if the text re ceiver wanted a piggyback. edit] Acceptability Acceptability concerns the text receiver’s attitude that the text should constitute useful or relevant details or information such that it is worth accepting. Text type, the desirability of goals and the political and sociocultural setting, as well as cohesion and coherence are important in influencing the acceptability of a text. Text producers often speculate on the receiver’s attitude of acceptability and present texts that maximizes the probability that the receivers will respond as desired by the producers.For example, texts that are open to a wide range of interpretations, such as ‘Call us before you dig. You may not be able to afterwards’, require more inferences about the related consequences. This is more effective than an explicit version of the message that informs receivers the full consequences of digging without calling because receivers are left with a large amount of uncertainty as to the conse quences that could result; this plays to the risk averseness of people. [edit] Informativity Informativity concerns the extent to which the contents of a text are already known or expected as compared to unknown or unexpected.No matter how expected or predictable content may be, a text will always be informative at least to a certain degree due to unforeseen variability. The processing of highly informative text demands greater cognitive ability but at the same time is more interesting. The level of informativity should not exceed a point such that the text becomes too complicated and communication is endangered. Conversely, the level of informativity should also not be so low that it results in boredom and the rejection of the text. [edit] Situationality Situationality concerns the factors which make a text relevant to a situation of occurrence.The situation in which a text is exchanged influences the comprehension of the text. There may be different interpretations with the road s ign â€Å"| SLOWCARS HELD UP| †| However, the most likely interpretation of the text is obvious because the situation in which the text is presented provides the context which influences how text receivers interpret the text. The group of receivers (motorists) who are required to provide a particular action will find it more reasonable to assume that ‘slow’ requires them to slow down rather than referring to the speed of the cars that are ahead.Pedestrians can tell easily that the text is not directed towards them because varying their speeds is inconsequential and irrelevant to the situation. In this way, the situation decides the sense and use of the text. Situationality can affect the means of cohesion; less cohesive text may be more appropriate than more cohesive text depending on the situation. If the road sign was ‘Motorists should reduce their speed and proceed slowly because the vehicles ahead are held up by road works, therefore proceeding at too h igh a speed may result in an accident’, every possible doubt of intended receivers and intention would be removed.However, motorists only have a very short amount of time and attention to focus on and react to road signs. Therefore, in such a case, economical use of text is much more effective and appropriate than a fully cohesive text. [edit] Intertextuality Intertextuality concerns the factors which make the utilization of one text dependent upon knowledge of one or more previously encountered text.If a text receiver does not have prior knowledge of a relevant text, communication may break down because the understanding of the current text is obscured. Texts such as parodies, rebuttals, forums and classes in school, the text producer has to refer to prior texts while the text receivers have to have knowledge of the prior texts for communication to be efficient or even occur. In other text types such as puns, for example ‘Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a ba nana’, there is no need to refer to any other text.

Effective Management Essay

An effective manager accepts the political nature of organizations. Power tactics are used to translate power bases into specific action, and there are a number of tactics that could be used in various situations. As a manager trying to influence your employees, what tactics would you personally be most likely to use? Why? It is often necessary to have political influence to enable organizational members to achieve their goals, especially if these goals involve some degree of change or innovation. Network is defined by Richard L.  Daft as, â€Å"a system that links together people and departments within or among an organizations for the purpose of sharing information resources. † But, a more common and more subtle form of political behavior involves networking. Networking is when an individual establishes good relations with key organization members and/or key people outside the organization in order to accomplish one’s goals. Something as seemingly trivial as the arrangement of furniture in an office can affect perceptions of another person’s power. One vivid example comes from John Ehrlichman’s book Witness to Power. Ehrlichman described his first visit to J. Edgar Hoover’s office at the Department of Justice. The legendary director of the FBI had long been one of the most powerful men in Washington, DC, and as Ehrlichman’s impressions reveal, Hoover used every opportunity to reinforce that image. Ehrlichman was first led through double doors into a room replete with plaques, citations, trophies, medals, and certificates jamming every wall. He was then led through a second similarly decorated room into a third trophy room, and finally to a large but bare desk backed by several flags and still no J. Edgar Hoover. The guide opened a door behind the desk, and Ehrlichman went into a smaller office, which Hoover dominated from an impressive chair and desk that stood on a dais about six inches high. Erhlichman was instructed to take a seat on a lower couch, and Hoover peered down on Ehrlichman from his own loftier and intimidating place.

Charles darwin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Charles darwin - Essay Example This governmental body has set safety standards which are to be followed by all the companies and the safety and health professionals have to ensure that these standards are being followed and obeyed by every company. The article â€Å"Importance of safety consideration in site layout and organization† is written by Anumba and Bishop. The article was published in the Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering in the year 1997. The article discusses the facts that generally at the time of laying out the site plan are ignored and it has been mentioned that these facts are very important to be considered in the practical implementation. It has been discussed that in general no company focusses much on safety methods that must be adopted. Here it has been mentioned that occupational safety and health professionals must keep a proper check on such companies and proper action must be taken against such companies (Anumba & Bishop, 1997). Safety and health professionals are responsible for planning out and formulating the rules and standards that are to be set for the employees. They have to first plan out a team of highly professional and experienced professionals which would work together as a team to formulate the points and rules and finalize them, then a team must be developed which would ensure that the rules and standards set by the agency are being implemented or not. While planning and formulating the rules it must be made sure that the rules that are being designed must be practically applicable and can be applied to all organizations and firms (Bailey, 2008). Each and every aspect regarding health care issues must be kept under consideration and all sorts of companies and firms must be kept in view while designing the rules and points of the act. It is the responsibility and duty of the health and safety professionals to design such rules and set such standards that each and every employee feels safe and secure while working in the workplace environment. Safety