Kant - Three Propositions from Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals Essay

Kant - Three Propositions from introduction of the Metaphysics of Morals - Essay ExampleIn his guerrilla proposition, Kant iterates that the honorable worth of an operation derives from its maxim and not from its consequences. In further deliverance of this notion, Kant determines that a prescribed action done from duty is determined in its chaste worth only by virtue of the principle, or maxim, in accordance with which it is decided upon. This implies that the moral worth of the will to do an action lies NOT in its motive or the desired upshot from that action, unless in the actual principle of the will. In Kants view, a will is genuine and chastely sound if it is derived from duty alone instead of any ancillary motive where duty simply plays a complementary role instead of being the motivating factor in its entirety. Thus, it must necessarily imitate that the person taking the action has recognized an a priori goodwill principle that they seek to fulfill by taking that act ion thus, the action has been brought about from duty instead of being committed for a spirit beyond that which imposed by the goodwill, rendering it of sound moral worth. Kant recognizes a third proposition in a similar way which at first seems like in stark contrast to his stake proposition but in essence, follows through with the same elements of rationality by inciting a respect for honor which imposes a duty to respect the moral law.... Such morality requires a conception of reason, which in conventionalism daily lives goes well beyond our basic desires. In these arguments, Kant situateds out to establish the foundational principle of a set of morals. What he is trying to show is that this foundational moral principle draws from a rational will in tout ensemble of us, and it is this rational will that makes us possess the autonomy to act morally. This autonomy is essentially derived from duty and has the expertness of denouncing all inclinations (second proposition) in o rder to pursue actions that are done strictly in respect of moral law (third proposition). As he rounds up his arguments in this work, he puts it clearly that there are planetary moral laws, and any action that is agreeable should not only obey a moral law, but should be done to ensure morality is upheld (Kant 4400). Any action that is not done for the interestingness of a moral law even if it conforms to a moral law is not logically necessary. Thus, it is careful to observe and link the second and third propositions in pursuit of the universal law of morals. Kant seems to maintain that the second proposition is directly linked with the third proposition. However, the notion of respect seems to suggest otherwise as it exists in the third and not in the second proposition. What, then, is respect? Respect is a notion unhinged to the private faculty of desire and is therefore not an inclination. In plain English, thus, respect is an attitude which impels goodwill actions. An action done by reason of inclination, as opposed to one by reason of respect, would seek a desired effect, and is NOT an action from duty, but an action for a purpose. This brings us to a consideration of the

UNIT 3 DISCUSSION BOARD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UNIT 3 DISCUSSION BOARD - Essay ExampleMany argue that doing enthronement on stock market exchange is a profitable business but only by organization that trade large volumes of securities such as banks, mutual funds, insurance companies, pension funds, college endowment funds, and so on jackpot win. One must not finally close doors and make some consideration by taking risk-return evaluation. The relationship between risk and return is one of the essential concepts to understand when investingand it is whimsical for every investor. While some investors may be willing to withstand a higher direct of market volatility, others prefer a more conservative approach. What is crucial to understands is your risk profile and howit translates into a train approach to investing.Risk, for the most part equated with the potential of an investment to generate financial loss, is a point to consider when attractive investments. Return is the usual measure of performance. As investments that of fer higher potential for total return generally carry a higher potential for risk, informed investors do not simply seek to increase returns. Instead, they focus on risk-adjusted returns, that is, the potentialreturns that correspond to the level of risk with which they are comfortable.Risk tolerance is highly individual, based on a mix of subjective traits and objective circumstances. Your personal risk tolerance can be influenced by current world events, your own investment experienceseven your inherited views on redemptive and investing.To help you make suitable investment decisions, it is important that you work with a financial advisor who understands your cogency to tolerate risk as well as the factors that affect your decisions. A financial jut is a great starting point. Your financial advisor can work with you to create a ample plan that addresses your long-term goals, while keeping in mind your short-range

Organisations & people management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organisations & people management - seek ExampleIt nookie be seen that leadership is an indispensable component in the day to day trading operations of an organisation and plays a vital role in guiding the organisations through the turbulent periods. One of the major(ip) issues brought about by change is resistance to change which is a natural phenomenon but if it is ignored, it can stick out progress in the organisation which is why leadership is of paramount importance to any organisation that is skilful about its growth and development.In most cases, the way in which organisations respond to new challenges they face in their operations is a true reflection of the values, attitudes as well as the styles of the leaders. It is therefore imperative that leaders embrace attitudes and behaviour that are compatible with the situation obtaining on the ground at that particular chip in order to keep pace with the changes that may be taking dedicate in the environment. It can also b e seen that leadership is not an exclusive domain of the chief executive officer or the charismatic leader but in one way or the other, each one of us can find himself in a leadership position. It is also concerned with people management and factors that make up behaviour in an organisation. Though leadership is often confused with management, a holistic approach is ought to be taken as far as managing change in the organisations is concerned. Failure to put in place measures that are meant to ensure that the organisation positively responds to the changes taking place in the environment may egress in unfavourable conditions to the organisation emerging.Against this background, this essay seeks to critically identify and evaluate the major influences on leadership styles and approach on the operations of Google. The essay will begin by giving a very(prenominal) brief description of the organisation in question which will be followed by explaining different primal concepts such a s leadership, leadership styles as well as management and the extent to which these

Project Entpreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

pick up Entpreneurship - Essay Examplethither are umpteen cases of teen motherhood on more than one occasion (Anand 2011, para. 1). We could refer many studies and surveys conducted around the western countries regarding teen pregnancy. It would certainly prove that teenage pregnancies are increasing as well up as abortions too. In developing countries it is related with tike marriages, but in western countries it is related with forwards marriage sex relations. So in order to interrupt this, certain measures should be taken and fulfiled. So we planned to conduct a campaign in NHS Bedfordshire. NHS Bedfordshire schools are part of healthy school programs and they energise taken many measures to ensure the health of young people. They already have a teenage pregnancy unit, known as Bedfordshire teenage pregnancy unit. So our plan is to conduct a campaign in Bedfordshire campuses in order to create strong awareness against teenage pregnancy and to prevent it. Business Project The current business project that we are aiming at is the unhomogeneous kinds of ways to effectively plan and implement the planning programme. The planning program, in this context, is the news on an illegal activity namely the teenage pregnancy. ... The discussion on the campaign is mainly aiming to create the awareness on the teenagers, especially the boys with the main intention of eradicating teenage pregnancy. Various methods are identified for the reduction of the teenage pregnancy, but before that there are various problems identified and they have to beclearly understood and steps have to be taken therefore for reducing teenage pregnancy. The main problem found behind teenage pregnancy was the single parenting floriculture in the UK country. The single parenting of the children may lead to the various adverse effects on the behavior of the child and they may lead to the various mal practices like the usage of the drugs, alcohol and prone to various kinds of syndromes, w hich lead to the propelling life styles and culture. The main reasons for a teenager falling into certain kinds of acts are due to the non-controlling of them and they doesnt non find adequate time for successful parenting. The various kinds of abstinence approach can help the children in reducing the teenage pregnancy. We should be able to educate the teenaged children about those approaches accordingly and should give prissy guidance on sex issues prevailing in the country and the after effects of those actions. Sex instruction should be made compulsory among the teenagers and they should be given complete advices and suggestions on preventing teenage pregnancy and to prevent themselves from any kind of the abuse. A proper counseling should be given to children as well as the parents about how to prevent pregnancy. Sexual education should be given priority and use of contraception methods should be conveyed to the teenagers and to the parents for proper behaving. Volunteering and various legal aids should be imposed to the teenage

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

ledger - Assignwork forcet Examplee while women is receptive.In every culture, grammatical gender position is influenced by various sources including parental expectation, modeling by peers, and media images of male and young-bearing(prenominal).For instance, Scandinavian culture appears to have a more egalitarian gender role such as norms of behavior and personal traits at home and work are not defined solely on gender.In contrat, Arabs have strict implication of gender role which expect women to hold out head and walk behind husband.Across many cultures males are expected to be strong,independent, self reliant, emotionally gratuitous and women are taught to be nurturing, dependent, gentle and emotional.Gender role is the public expression ofones gender identity.In many cultures men learn to be aggressive and women learn to be passive.A family from the birth of a child imposes gender role on them and bring them up as male or female.Basically the attitude and behavior of male and female is molded according to the cultural environment he or sheis grown up

Determinants of financial conservatism in the United Kingdom and Dissertation

Determinants of pecuniary conservatism in the United Kingdom and France - Dissertation ExampleIn the first section, which serves as a background and motivation for this investigation the empirical studies into financial conservatism and regard on its existing measures in a summarized form has been laid out. In this chapter, a detailed literary productions review is presented, which elaborates on the various schools of thought regarding conservatism. The next section describes about financial trouble. The co-relation between financial distress and financial conservatism is discussed. The analysis has been carried out on financial models of Ericson (as an example from the literature), Alcatel-Lucent and England and Wales Cricket get on (their financial report) as case studies and the results have been discussed to establish that the financial conservatism has its standing and strengths in incorporate governance to the modern corporate world. In addition, a comparison of the term Financial Distress with the business relationship Conservatism from the literature concludes that financially conservative firms do non depend on financial distress. To persist out this comparison, a sample of small firms that defaulted on their bank debt in UK and France is taken and analyzed. The last helping is devoted to the conclusion of our analysis efforts. From this study, we conclude that financial conservatism is very independent of financial distress and provides more flexibility to the firms. We find that there are several reasons to use account conservatism in corporate governance and that current empirical evidence indicates that conservatism has increased in the last decades. primal terms International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), Financial Conservatism, Cash conservatism, Leverage Conservatism, Regression Analysis, Statistical Mean, observational Measure/Model, Data, Cash Flow, Financial Distress, Bankruptcy and Proxies CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION OF CONSER VATISM 1.1 Introduction Conservatism is the closely influential principle of valuation in accounting (Watts, 2003).It is defined as the differential verifiability required for designation of bread versus losses. Firms employ this approach to restrict the risk factor by anticipating/ portraying lower profits along with higher losses. According to the principle of conservatism in accounting in case of doubt, the accounting alternative that is least likely to overstate assets and income should be chosen. (Schroeder et al., 2001, p.78). The conservative accounting method influences both on earnings and on crystalise asset value. The effect on earnings will depend on whether the investments are growing, stable or decreasing. Conservative accounting always results in a lower net asset value of the comp either. Thus, conservatism of the firm can be evaluated based on either its leverage conservatism (low leverage firms) or cash conservatism (cash rich firms) or both. (Iona et al., 2004 ). It is employed to avoid any misunderstanding regarding the companys financial standing with the internal as well as extraneous shareholders. These stakeholders can be the business shareholders, debt holders and the management. 1.2 General Approaches to Financial Conservatism 1.2.1 Revenue Recognition Firms commonly chit-chat a strict revenue recognition policy as part of their conservative policies. This ensures that the company does not over state its revenue, hence reducing the chance of inflated gross profits appearing in its financial statements. For this purpose, the revenue is recognized only when the products are sold/services completed all proceeding are realizable. 1.2.2 Overestimation of Allowance for Bad Debts This policy is placed to cater for a worst-case scenario

Analyze the Marketing Mix of Toyota Corporation Essay

Analyze the Marketing Mix of Toyota Corporation - prove ExampleIn terms of product, Toyota understands what drives the consumer to buy today. The company remains focused around the ecologically-friendly aspects of auto project as a means to make their product stand out against all other(a) ambition in Toyotas various(a) simple machine markets. In 1997, Toyota created the first widely-manufactured hybridisation car, the Toyota Prius, which was a revolution in auto design for consumers who wish to buy green (Potterf, 2006). Using a variety of public traffic strategies and other promotional materials (such as print and on-air), Toyota capitalized on their strategic advantage by developing the hybrid model when companies such as General Motors and Ford only had these cars on their design drawing boards. In terms of product focus, Toyota appears to have always been a leader in catering to the eco-friendly buyer. Positioning the good company as an eco-friendly business is designed to appeal to the buyer who is concerned about environmental pertain and desires a quality hybrid car model.In terms of price, Toyota appears to be highly competitive, keeping car prices lower than what would be found domestically in the United States. Any business of this variety essential consider their pricing models based on the cost of goods sold (supply chain costs generally) and what customers will truly be willing to pay based on perceived quality. Toyotas sales volumes have move to increase year-by-year until the recent global economic crisis, which points toward a pricing model that is acceptable by consumer standards and expectations. Since Toyota and other companies create multiple, international models of cars, there is no distinct pricing model available through investigate which indicates specific, targeted pricing guidelines as a part of Toyotas marketing. In this sense, the sales volumes tend to speak for themselves.In terms of place, Toyota has developed a ver y distinct distribution system by which cars are delivered to various national

A Critical Evaluation of Your Learning and Development Whilst on Work Assignment

A Critical Evaluation of Your teaching and maturation Whilst on Work Placement - Assignment ExampleThe main aim of the module is to enable companionship from the entire fiddle bugger off that includes a focus on knowledge from the workplace and generic skills. These appoint of induction programs, understanding organizational structures, learning through induction, personal development and critical analysis (Peter, 2009). some(prenominal) of my educational learning is about gaining of subject knowledge and development the critical and analytical skills related to my subject. This is a very primary(prenominal) fact however, what is also vital is that I can apply this academic knowledge and, more exclusively, the kinds of thinking skills I gained through education to a more practical context of work (Sammon, 2008). With ever changing knowledge, I also pack to be very practical and adaptable so as to cope with these demands. Therefore, this module is generally aimed to help me develop my personal and key skills, increase my employability skills, break on my strengths and weakness, change by reversal a reflective practitioner, be able to utilize effectively transfer of skills, become an autonomous learner and finally to be able to learn by experience. MODULE STRUCTURE 1) Learning through self-awareness 1.1) knowing and understanding my learning fashion There are numerous means that a person can learn. The more can be able to understand our preferences to learn, including developing and practicing various shipway of learning and hence the more we become effective learners in different contexts (Peter, 2009). According to Kolb (1984), as we puzzle up, we build up tendencies and preferences to learn new things in some specific way, without essentially noticing that it is so. My learning style is basically linked to Kolbs four stages of learning as shown below 1having a strong experience doing 4. Testing planning 3. Conceptulizing 2.reflection/ observatio n review To be a more effective learner I would wish to improve on these selected areas. 1.2 Personal and key skills Many generic skills are for effectiveness at work or daily lives, for instance problem figure out, good communicating, time management, setting goals. It is actually important to continue to develop your skills at greater levels and in new situations (Sammon, 2008). Personal and key skills self military rank 1 2 3 4 justification Self management a. Time management b. traffic with criticism c. Professional responsibility d. Meeting of the objectives, standards and priorities e. Clarification of personal values f. Employment potentials Problem solving a. Identification of the problem b. Critical thinking about the problem c. Conceptualization of the issues d. Identification of the options e. Identify practical solutions f. Implementation of the course of action g. Carry out the solution h. Evaluation and adaption of the solutions and outcomes Working with others a. Planning unneurotic b. Respecting the values and views of others c. Delegation, d. initiative, e. negotiation, f. lead Communication a. visual/oral competency b. effective listening c. verbal communication Handling of data a. use of media and appropriate technology with IT b. handling of large amount of data c. explanation of data into words d. evaluation and adoption of strategies for handling data and information e. use of sources of information depict 1) started but needs more practice 2) able to do if there is some assistance 3) technical without assistance 4) proficient and able to help others 1.3 strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis This entails an honest and critical reflection of my strengths, weaknesses and areas that I need to develop. It also contains the opportunities that are

Project management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Project management - Coursework ExampleFixed personifys atomic number 18 non controllable since even if a firm does not generate revenues it must pay its doctor costs. Variable costs argon cost that change depending on the volume of sales. An example of a shifting cost is cost of goods sold. Variables costs are controllable because project managers can implement strategies to lower inconsistent costs such as changing suppliers to reduce the cost of materials. Two additional categories of costs are direct and indirect costs. Direct costs are costs that are directly attributed to the production output. whatever examples of direct costs are materials and direct labor. Indirect costs are costs that are not associated with the production of a firm. Examples of indirect costs include supervisor salaries, indirect labor, and supplies used (Referenceforbusiness). Other cost categories are period and product costs Period costs are costs that are place with a specific period of time, w hile product costs are necessary for producing a spotless good. The different types of costs help project managers differentiate among the types of costs that affect a project. Work Cited knave Referenceforbusiness.com. 2011. Costs 17 May 2011.

Set of laws governing public and private security agencies Essay

Set of laws governing public and private bail agencies - Essay ExampleThe rate of fatal crimes like homicides and cold blooded murders rose to an unacceptable direct for the public. On the other hand the brasss around the world blamed persistent economic recession, for their inability to perpetrate in the betterment of the shelter setup. This above mentioned problem gave rise to the development of privately owned security companies, which worked for the last two decades to provide adequately acceptable security, with the help of latest technology. They atomic number 18 also passably successful in fulfilling their promises, which compelled the general public to trust them more often. This tr final stage led to the higher aim of acceptability of these agencies in the society. According to some famous researchers, this fashion led to cause the shift of proponent needed to manage the security setup from federal agencies to general public and organizations, thus resulting in the decentralization of authority among civilians (Benson, 2007), who possess the money to hire their own army. This phenomenon caused the sense of inequity and insecurity among those who be weak. As a consequence, the prevalence of fear increased in the community. This practice also fueled the cold fight for the authority among private and public security agencies, which impacted negatively on the standards of the already decaying security setup. However, the grow of these private security providers could be found in the large outgo layoffs in host, after the end of cold warfare. This left, m any(prenominal) highly skilled militants out of job. Due to this reason, they formed collations with each other and started robbing the governments military facilities in the beginning (Schreier & Caparini, 2005). Thus with the passage of time these organizations formalized their existence and structure. another(prenominal) important facet of this phenomenon is the consistent collaboration, b etween the government and private utensils producers, through which the former entity is getting war equipment from the latter one (Avant, 2003). This trend is playing a significant role in strengthening the weapon producers in terms of influence. These non-government security organizations are also used for the following purposes The employees of privately managed security companies are often sent on the harmony preserving missions of UN, because of the fact, that most of the developed nations do not deploy their military forces on these type of missions, due to their political reasons (Schreier & Caparini, 2005) These forces are also deployed in the case of large scale calamity effecting any nation, with the mission of helping humanity (Schreier & Caparini, 2005) They can also be used in support capacity in cooperation with other federal law enforcement agencies (Schreier & Caparini, 2005) Governing Laws for Public Reinforcement Agencies The major(ip) purpose of these organizatio ns is to protect the citizens of the country from any kind of loss, due to theft, murder, fraud and other similar activities. They are under strict monitoring of the government, which results in highly formalized chain of command structure (Glover, 2012). avocation are the laws governing formal security operations in US implicated. The police officers cannot investigate any citizen without legitimate reasons They cannot arrest anyone without permission from government officials They cannot search anyone without

The First Nations of British Columbias South Coast Essay

The First Nations of British Columbias South border - Essay ExampleThere ar other issues discussed such as the historic Indian cultures that were set by explorers (VirtualMuseum.Ca, 2008). Nevertheless, unlike the Southwest, the place lacked intensive archaeology that would be stimulated by the stone ruins instead, in that respect were potlatches, totem poles, masks, which depicted the prehistoric cultures attributed to clam shells.On the other hand, an analysis of the Blackmans Facing the Future, Envisioning the Past (1990) explains the way coetaneous Northwest Coast art was perceived as a result of revival that had commenced in 1960s. In fact, the Blackman (1990) argues that the bulk of modern-day art was focused on commercial market, given that the buyers were influenced by the meaning. Nevertheless, it is significant to acknowledge that historical archival photographs from the Northwest Coast are substantial resources to facilitate the analysis of the North coast art and m aterial culture. Blackman offers a fascinating illustration of the Northwest Coast Art through publication of historical and contemporary photographs, research slides of museum collection piece.Chapter two focuses on the form in Northwest Coast Indian art, whereby the Holm (1983) explains that the styles identified in this area were partially derived from two-dimensional space. These entail a division of continuous process, which was attributed to both domineering and negative from of silhouette and sculptures on the Northwest Coast. Moreover, the chapter indicates that Northwest was known for three-dimensional sculptural art and concept. Nevertheless, there chapter offers a description of the fundamental distinction between arts of various cultural groups on the Coast, and an illustration of the exemplary examples through a presentation of some of the early pieces (Holm, 1983). In fact, some of these pieces can be accessed via websites, which are hosted by leading

International studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International studies - Essay ExampleOrganizations have right away become global and they deal with customers from various regions and these customers speak different languages. Majoring in international studies will garter me develop communication skills required to communicate with customers from different regions. It will even help me in evolution proficiency in one of the various languages spoken throughout the world and this will enable me to specifically cater to the needs of customers that speak that particular language. Leaders in the organization need to understand their delegates who drop dead to different parts of the world and who think differently. Majoring in international studies will help me develop leaders skills required to understand my followers (Williams, 2013). This will help me in identifying the issues they are facing and I will be able to eliminate those issues which will positively impact the satisfaction levels of the employees. A satisfied work force w ill help in increasing the productivity levels of the organization which will enhance my reputation as well as benefit the

Employee Compensation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employee Compensation - Essay shellThis essay stresses that organizations that are since committed to developing a compensation system that is designed around surgical operation will want to consider the use of incentive pay. Typically given in addition to-rather than in place of-the basic wage, incentive inventions should be viewed as an additional dimension to the wage structure. Incentives can be paid based on individual, group, or organization wide performance a pay-for-performance concept.This paper makes a conclusion that the compensation structure consists of lavishing exorbitant sums on worry level while penny-pinching on pay for other workers. This is an example of a harmful business model. The company can, and should narrow its pay go against by bringing down the top and lifting the bottom up. It has a pay for performance plan for the management level employees. This is strength of the compensation structure but this need to be stretched out to the entire workforce so that the weakness exhibited by way of the huge executive compensation. To conclude, instead of cutting down on the executive compensation package, it would be beneficial if an opportunity is given to enter the profit sharing plan allowing employees to share in the success of a firm by distributing part of the companys get back to the workers. In essence, employees become owners of the company. The logic behind profit-sharing plans is that they increase commitment and loyalty to the organization.

Fleet Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fleet Planning - Essay ExampleIt is all because of all such(prenominal) various factors, it is considered that the airline industry is a vibrant and unpredictable industry. As this industry has been really fighting(a) of late, it has been considered by many airline service providers to alter their performance style into a private centering style rather than the earlier government interfering style. (The Global airline industry program)To respond to the driving nature of the airline industry, many airline service providers have followed a low-cost strategy and to be able to apply this low-cost strategy, travel by planning strategies have been followed. In order to implement a successful the fleet planning strategy, companies have focused upon four different issuesCosts are a major factor that enables a company to earn profits. If the costs are controlled mightily, higher profits would be earned. In recent years, costs have been an important aspect towards a companys success. The companionship and control of the costs provided by the latest aircraft models, engines and fleet universality are an important aspect in the assessment of future fleet necessities.Demand in the market is another aspect which ascertains the requirement of fleet for a company. The general demand by the customer regarding the services provided and the fares offered would also be necessary in ascertaining the appropriate fleet for a company.The biggest revenue/cost saving of adding more aircraft of the same type is the compatibility and similarity, for causa Airbus in marketing their Aircraft claims that communality exists between their aircrafts and the of having a fleet of different type sizes of aircraft from Airbus wouldSince the systems are similar and properly use the same tools and procedures for maintenance or even operation such as refueling, or luggage handling, that would have a big effect on the

Newcomen, Thomas (1663) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Newcomen, doubting Thomas (1663) - Essay ExampleHe married only in 1705 at the age of forty-two years, afterwards which he frequently hosted meetings at his home for dedicated Baptists. At the same time, he took great amour in the mining fabrication and the problem of the mines flooding frequently (Baker 278).growing coal mining industry he also visited tin mines. From the miners he came to know that there was a requirement for a mould to remove water from the deep mines. Some of the mine shafts extending under the sea got filled with water gook and had to be pumped out. The miners did not buzz off access to large streams that could be used for powering water wheels, and tipple animals were not strong enough to pull the water up from the great depths (Kras 22).Thomas Newcomens earlier experiments are not documented, because he did not belong to a group of inventors, and he did not have a wealthy patron to promote his work (Kras 23). The results of his experiments led him to de sign and build the first unfeignedly usable steam railway locomotive. Though it was hampered by high fuel consumption and frequent breakdowns, Newcomens engine became only the second self-acting machine in history (after clocks) states Shectman (p.xxix). Even more significantly, it became the first reference point of energy not known since antiquity.Newcomens machine was entirely propelled by atmospheric pressure. A bash of steam at greater than atmospheric pressure was forced to the bottom of a brass piston chamber which held the engines piston. According to Marshall (p.18), Newcomen created a vacuum as the steam cooled, thereby lottery down the piston as well as one arm of the heavy beam to which it was attached. The other(a) arm of the heavy beam rose up to work the pump. After this, a jet of chilliness water was injected to rapidly condense the steam. The vacuum created caused the pressure of the atmosphere to slam the piston downwards, producing a

How should the International Financial System be changed (legally and Essay

How should the International Financial System be changed (legally and policy-makingly) so that the burden of the buck as the main reserve currency for the existence d - Essay ExampleThe financial markets went into a tailspin recently when it was rumored that Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was looking at alternative to dollar for pegging its currency. Iran has tried unsuccessfully to exhort OPEC countries look for alternatives to dollar, but has announced that it would diversify its foreign reserve portfolio to include Euro as well. It pull up stakes not create much dent in US armor yet it has strong political message for USA. Malaysia has also tried to establish gold dinar for settling bilateral trade with Iran. Experts purport that it would not be as widespread as these two countries hope as gold would be also cumbersome to be traded and exchanged. Similarly some South American countries are also difficult to establish alternatives to IMF and World Bank to cut the dependence on USA and its interfering policies as they notice them. They are all small steps yet they show that countries are looking at alternatives to the US dollar.US dollar is not the most preferred currency with the common man too at that place are reports that now a days people prefer to be paid in their topical anesthetic currencies by foreigners rather than dollars for the fear of devaluation of dollar something unimaginable a couple of years ago. This shows that the confidence on dollar cross the globe is ebbing slowly but surely.Jean-Claude Trichet President ECB has as far binding as 2005 called for structural changes in the external financial system to take care of financial crisis which calls for great financial transparency, more systematic approach to the future growth and greater global ownership. Apart from these trine measures, inclusiveness of rising economies and economies in transition in international financial architecture and greater cooperation of central banks of emerg ing economies and economies in transition would help in systematic development and correction of financial system. This shows that not only Europe and Japan have are going to have greater say in international financial system but emerging economies like BRIC and other South East Asian counties too will need to be included. A significant departure from the fact that USA called the shots after the tumble of USSR and end of cold war. USA is grappling with huge veritable account deficit, Japan as current account surplus where as Europe is balanced. Erosion of value of dollar and erosion of political advantage of USA is linked together. It is time now for USA to share the burden of dollar with Europe. Edwin M Truman (2007) in his speech has said, The United States and Europe have huge stakes and responsibilities in the stability of the international scrimping and financial system. How their authorities manage their economies and develop their financial systems is key. The challenge is to promote healthy, and to minimize unhealthy, competition amongst the euro and the dollar and their associated financial systems and economies. He calls for climb down of US and European claim to ownership on IMF and World Bank and include emerging and developing countries in the position of management rather than recipients. He even calls for changing the voting pattern to give greater weight age to other countries of the world to reflect their growing economic stature. The advanced countries would need to give up their share by at least 10 basis points and might call for increase in the fund size by 50 percent. This would mean acknowledging the political and economic advancement of the so called developing nations by USA and its allies. in that location are reports

Europe and the Suez Crisis 1956 Essay Example for Free

atomic number 63 and the Suez Crisis 1956 EssayTo what extent was the phalanx action under taken by the British and cut in the Suez Crisis 1956 really essential?This historical investigation seeks to evaluate and comp are the factors influencing the relationships and discussions mingled with France and Britain during the Suez Crisis and thereby provoked them to commit military line to the region. The mainbody will look at the differences and similarities in Britains and Frances intentions in the Middle East, the internal situation (mainly in Britain), Nassers actions, public opinion in westbound Europe as well as American and UN policies on the crisis. In order to carry out his investigation a variety of sources will be consulted master(a) and secondary, from which relevant information will be selected. Carltons Britain and the Suez Crisis and Thomas The Suez procedure will be of particular(prenominal) drop. The sources used reliability (date of publication, author etc ) will be discussed. An analysis of the main arguments of the authors as well as an evaluation of different historical interpretations will be carried out.B. Summary of evidenceWhen Britain and France cancelled the loans to the Egyptian president, Nassers hydro military force project, the Aswan dam, Nasser responded by nationalizing the Suez Canal Company on the 26th of July 1956. Information given in the concur The Suez conflict tells us that the company was largely owned by British and french shareholders.1Britain and France saw the Nassers nationalization as a violation of international law and feared that this could create a power of vacuum, which could be filled by the Soviets, who were their communist enemy in the cold contend. Along with this, the nationalization of the canal directly threatened British and french influences in the area, which was rich on oilsupplies and secured Britains way to India. In a letter to the US chairwoman in September 1958, the British Prime Minister Eden wroteWe ought in the first instance to film the maximum political pressure to bear on Egypt (but) my colleagues and I are change overd that we essential be ready, in the last resort, to use force to bring Nasser to his senses. 2In Mastering Modern foundation History it is revealed that a secret Anglo-American plan called Omega suggested to overthrow Nasser by using political and economical pressure3. Despite of this plan, the consequent of using military force in Egypt remained a burning unloosen among the British Conservatives. According to Carlton, the British Cabinet, appeared divided on the matter of straight bash on the Canal issue by early September.4 The public opinion was strongly pro-military actions and called Nasser a new Hitler.5 The cut Minister Mollet, did non attempt to keep in good terms with any Arab, whom he felt distrust towards, and was to be a strong supporter of the decision to use military force. They believed that the m iodiny of the Algerian rebels, which they fought against, came from Cairo.Both the French and the British associated Nassers nationalization of the Canal with historical analogies, which was not going to be repeated Hitlers occupation of The Rhineland as well as his take over of Czechoslovakia. The US-president, Eisenhower, strongly expressed his hostility on the matter of forces being used in Egypt. According to Peter L. Hahn, Eisenhower viewed Nasser as a danger of Western threat but believed that force only would facilitate Soviet infiltration in the region.6 So the Americans proposed an tie beam of canal users, the SCUA, when it was revealed that the British and French tried to seek approval in the UN, where their actions could be justified delinquent to the Soviet veto. The British did accept the SCUA, but its impact on Nasser was destined to be negligible.With the end of the SCUA Conference, French and British Ministers, engaged in negotiations with their Egyptian counterpart and agreed t o the Six Principles7 (see Appendix). Although this seemed to suggest a sedate settlement, French and British military preparations to invade Egypt continued. On 24 October the British and the French Foreign Ministers held a secret meeting with the Israeli Prime Minister who was determined to force Egypt to recognize the state of Israel. tail fin days after this meeting, Israeli forces invaded Egypt. When Egypt refused to withdraw from the Suez Canal, British and French bombed Egyptian airfields and landed troops at Port Said.The British-French attack on Egypt was greeted with angry protests all over the world.According to Keith Robbin, the UN unanimously condemned the Franco-British action on 2nd November8 At last, the UN proclaimed cease-fire on November 6 and British and French forces withdrew.C. Evaluation of sourcesThe Suez Affair was published in 1966 (latest edition published in 1986), and was write by Hugh Thomas who resigned from the British disposal after the Suez Crisi s. Thomas stated purpose for this book is that It is an interim Report.9 in which he has used materials addressable and interviewed people, mainly British, involved in the Crisis. The value of this book is that it is a detailed and fascinating description of the British governments handling of the Crisis, professionally narrated by Thomas who himself experienced the Suez Crisis has an insight in the internal situation in Britain during this period of time. However, this may similarly make the source biased as it is very much written from a British stand topographic point. This method has certain limitations as memories can alter and are not reliable.David Carlton, who also has written a bibliography about Anthony Eden, published Britain and the Suez Crisis in 1988. The book is aimed at undergraduates school students and other fire in post war British score. The purpose of the book is to inform people about the new-fashioned past, in order to prevent recent political indoctrinat ion. Although it is acknowledged in the preface that there are problems of bias, subjectivity and perspectives in studying the past, the value of reading history outweigh the drawbacks10. Carltons book is remote more analytical than Thomas and includes different historical interpretations of the Crisis, which is of usefulness when studying the crisis from a broader perspective. However, Carltons book might be quite biased as it is very much written from a British perspective.Although both Carltons and Thomass books are British, they present a different view of the Suez Crisis, likely due to the different date of publication of the sources first edition. Although Thomas rewrote some parts of the book in his latest edition, the most substantial parts of his book, are based on sources available when the condemnation of the military action after the crisis made the propaganda turn against the British and French. In Carlton case, he has made an extensive use of materials released in th e 80s, which seem to be friendlier towards he British and the French. By taking both sources in count on they tell us how the history of the Suez Crisis has been reshaped due to political controversy and propaganda.D. AnalysisIf the Suez problem possibly could soak up been solved in a more diplomatic way, British and French prestige during the Cold War would doubtlessly have been more favorably after the crisis. According to the American journalist Donald Neff the Suez Crisis was a hinge point in history as it discredited France and Britain as participators in the Cold War it strained the Anglo-American alliance, increase Egyptian nationalism and increased Soviet influences in the region. Along with that, the attention was driven away from the Hungary uprising, for the Soviets advantage, as the shadow of Europe fell over the Suez.Hugh Thomas presents a view in his book The Suez Affair that the French and the British initially were determined to use military force in Egypt. He sug gests that they acted in an opportunistic way Nassers nationalization of the Suez Crisis gave them the opportunity to justify the use of military force. He suggests that the British and the French had strong intentions in the Middle East and to weld as many countries of the area as possible into an anticommunist defense pact. This can to some extent be true, as the Suez Crisis was an event in the Cold War, when the British and French democracies tried to, together with America, contain the expanding Communist bloc. However, other possible interpretations of the Crisis and the British and French intentions conflict this view.The historian Lowe presents evidence of the Omega plan, which suggests that Britain intended to get rid of Nasser by more peaceful means. another(prenominal) evidence also supports this view. For example Eden, as quoted in section B, wanted to use military power as only a last resort. As we can see from the evidence given, the Americans tried to rent a more pe aceful policy in Suez. The Six Principles, as well as the word meaning of the SCUA, showed signs that the British were approaching a peaceful settlement, on Americas initiative which, perhaps, could have saved them from an international defeat. However, one can argue that these diplomatic negotiations can be seen as prolonging the process in order to convince America to accept the use of military force. They were not real but merely a facade, which cover the militant intentions of Britain and France.The more contemporary view suggests different circumstances drew Eden take the blackened decision to use military force. Eden was faced with unprecedented pressures (). 11. According to Carlton, the conspiracy between France and Israel was not really in the hands of Eden. Eden didnt know with certainty that Israel would attack Egypt.12 The role of France in the Suez Crisis must not be underestimated as she actually, in contrast to Britain, wanted to undermine Arab influences in the Mid dle East.Hahn and Carlton suggests that France and Britain didnt amply understand that the Americans were going to fear that military action would open Egypt and other Middle East states to Soviet influences, undermining the policy of containment. They didnt calculate with the fact that the Americans were going to choose to, in the first place, pursue containment rather than concede the allys action. One can argue that if the American standpoint had been clearer for the French and the British, perhaps the course wouldnt have taken the militant direction that it took.E. ConclusionWhether the military action undertaken by the French and the British was really necessary is a mere question of speculation. It is difficult to make a valid judgement on the issue as different sources present different information, which is one of the major difficulties in studying contemporary history and finding its truth. Sources published not a very long time after the Crisis, such as Thomas first edi tion The Suez Affair indicate that the military action undertaken by the British and the French was inevitable the countries were highly determined to use force against Egypt. More recent materials about the Suez Crisis, presented by historians such as Lowe and Carlton, suggest that Britain and France could have solved the Suez Crisis with more peaceful means. However, it is most likely that the British and French response to the nationalization of the Suez Canal will remain an issue of controversy among the historians for the nearest future.F. List of sourcesRobbins, Keith, The overlook of Great power, Modern Britain 1870 1975, Longman, New Work, U.S, 1983Eden, Anthony, Memoirs Full Circle, Book three Suez, Cassell Company Ltd, London, 1960Carlton, David, Britain and the Suez Crisis, Basil Backwell, Northern Ireland, 1968Calhoun, Daniel F. , Hungary and Suez, 1956 An exploration of who makes history, University Press of America, United States of America, 1991Thomas, Hugh, The Su ez Affair, Wiedenfeld Nicolson Limited, London, 1967Hahn, Peter L., The United States, Great Britain and Egypt, 1945-1956 Strategy and Diplomacy in the early Cold War, The University of North Carolina Press, United States of America, 1991Bowne, Colin and Mooney, Peter J., Cold War to Dtente 1945-85, Second Edition, Heinemann Educational Books, printed by Richard body Ltd in Great Britain 198iCalvacocoressi, Peter, World politics since 1945, sixth edition The Arabs and Israel to the Suez War, Longman, New York, 1991Cornwell, R.D, World History in the twentieth century, Longman, England, 1984Lowe, Norman, Mastering Modern World History, Third Edition, Macmillian Master Series, Biddles Ltd, Britain, 1997Gildea, Robert, France since 194, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996.AppendixThe Six Principles1. There should be free and open transit through the Canal without discrimination, overt or covert.2. The sovereignty of Egypt should be respected.3. The deed of the Canal should be ins ulated from the politics of any country.4. The manner of fixing tolls and charges should be decided by agreements between Egypt and the users.5. Unresolved disputes between the Suez Canal Company and Egypt should be settles by arbitration.1 Hugh Thomas, The Suez Affair, summon 392 Ibid., page 413 Norman Lowe, Mastering Modern World History, page 2304 David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, page 505 Hugh Thomas, The Suez Affair, page 406 Peter L. Hahn, The United States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945-1956, page 2117 David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, page 528 Keith Robbins, The Eclipse of a Great Power, page 1959 Hugh Thomas, The Suez Affair, page 710 David Carlton, Britain and The Suez Crisis, General Editors Preface11 David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, page 10912 Ibid., page 63

Project Management Plan for Restaurant Essay Example for Free

Project Management Plan for Restaurant EssayA factor analytic approach revealed that there were different consumer elements junior-graded on identify berths in the cordial reception manufacture, developing their cordial reception selection on different attributes of hospitality profits. This requires specific marketing segment and concentering strategies. A repeated measure some vi years later show the validity of the identified consumer attitudes. The impact of the attitudes on consumer behaviour is demonstrated and atomic number 18as of research are identified in which this hospitality monitoring device may better inform theory development and best practice. Keywords Consumer behavior, tradeing, Attribute-value theory, Service quality ** Vera Toepoel is an assistant professor at Leisure Studies, Tilburg University, Netherlands. E-mail V. emailprotected nl 76 Vera Toepoel Introduction Consumer trends come and go, affecting the extent to which individuals apprecia te authentic aspects of hospitality services, and over time this discount require signifi lavt implications for disdaines in the hospitality industry. It is important for the domain to understand what the current trends in consumer behavior are, which consumer segments exist, and how consumer ehavior will develop in the future. Verma, Plaschka, and Louvriere (2002) argue that it is imperative that businesses beat back into neb consumer preferences when making decisions pick uping ingathering and service attributes. Understanding consumer choices is the key to successful commission of hospitality services. agree to attribute-value theory (Mowen and Minor, 1998), consumers base their choice on different attributes. Consumers may be attracted by price, by quality, by location etc. Consumers number up the over entirely value in terms of the presence and heaviness of each attribute.A favorable overall attitude is expected to result in repeat business. all over the last deca des, several(prenominal) studies on market divider in the hospitality sector have demonstrated that consumers requirements of hospitality services differ between market segments. Market division divides a market into plain groups of buyers who might require different products or services. Understanding what various segments require and developing foc employ management strategies to fulfill these specific requirements are crucial to penetrating new markets and maintaining repeat business (Yuksel and Yuksel, 2002).The benefits of monitoring consumer attitudes depend evident. Incorporation of these attitudes into market segmentation and management is limited, however. In addition, although many segmentation studies have been performed in the hospitality sector (see John and pine tree, 2002), research on stability over time is scarce. This study investigates which consumer segments exist in the hospitality sector in the Netherlands. A segmentation analysis based on consumer attitude s in the hospitality industry is utilise. This study demonstrates differences in personal characteristics and behavior of the identified consumer segments.The measure is repeated to demonstrate the robustness of results. In addition, the repetition of the measure demonstrates how segmentation studies can serve to monitor consumer trends over time. This research can be employ to map consumer attitudes and assist hospitality organizations in designing effective market strategies to attract, satisfy, and halt consumers. Monitoring Consumer Attitudes in cordial reception Services a Market Segmentation 77 Literature Reviews Since the seventies a coherent theoretical structure has emerged to underpin consumer research.One of the main theories on consumer behavior believes that consumers base their choices on different attributes. These experiences may best be described by multi-attribute models (Mowen and Minor, 1998). These models identify how consumers combine their judgements mo re than or less product attributes to form attitudes. Consumers are considered to assess hotels, restaurants, cafes etc. through sets of attributes (Pizam and Ellis, 1999). Multiattribute models assume that consumers are using the prototype hierarchy-ofeffects approach in which beliefs lead to attitude formation, which, in turn, leads to actual behavior.One of the most frequently used multi-attribute models is the attitude-towards-the-object model. Mowen and Minor (1998) describe this model in detail. It identifies three major factors that predict attitudes the saliency of an attribute, the strength of the belief that a product or service has the attribute in question, and the evaluation of each of the salient attributes. Consumers weigh up the overall value in terms of the degree to which each attribute and its relevant slant is present (attribute-value theory). A favorable overall attitude is expected to result in repeat business.For a review of papers which have analyzed the at tributes that are cute in the hospitality industry, see Johns and Pine (2002). The importance of the different attributes may differ per market segment. For example, one market segment may be attracted by a restaurants low price, another by its food quality, another by its location, and so on. Consumers assess certain attributes of the products, but the key factor is that this assessment is conditioned by the segment to which they give out. Consumers do not value attributes in the same way but in general terms.If they belong to the same segment they usually have similar attribute weighting coefficients. Hence there is a need to properly identify segments, so that managers can identify which attributes of specific services are valued by consumers in each segment. For this reason it is interesting to connect these attributes with the valuation of the different segments. The Dutch look for Institute for Recreation and Tourism (NRIT) claims in their report on trends in tourism, recre ation, and leisure (2009) that payable to the focus on the economic crisis focused marketing segmentation is an absolute must.Most studies on market segmentation focus on a three-step process of segmentation (who will come), targeting (what do they want), and positioning 78 Vera Toepoel (what can we offer). There are many studies dealing with consumer segmentation in the hospitality industry. For an exhaustive overview of different segmentation approaches and their pros and cons, see e. g. Bowen (1998) and Johns and Pine (2002). Traditionally, segmentation was based on demographic characteristics, later on other variables were used, e. g. geographic, psychographic, and behaviorist variables (Bowen, 1998).For example, Legoherel (1998) focuses on expenditure-levels in terms of consumers estimation of travel expenditures Grazin and Olsen (1997) identify groups depending on their frequency of use with regard to fast food restaurants Nayga and Capps (1994) relate demand for different t ypes of restaurants to different socio-economic segments and Binckley (1998) shows that existence density has a mighty effect on demand. Victorino, Karniouchina, and Verma (2009) use segmentation based on consumers comfort with technology to tailor parley service to guests computing and connectivity needs.Oh and Jeong (1996) base their segmentation on characteristics of the organization product, service, amenity, appearance, and convenience. Lewis (1981) finds that segments in restaurants differ in their opinions almost the importance of several service attributes, while Bahn and Granzin (1985) find that nutritional concerns affected restaurant selection. As hospitality organizations provide a number of services, it seems appropriate to consider the benefits in terms of the attributes of the total service product provided (Bahn and Granzin, 1985). Much hospitality research reflects the broad theoretical structure of attribute-value theory.Thus a number of authors have studied ho spitality attributes, but the authors disagree about the relative importance of the attributes (Johns and Pine, 2002). Clark and Wood (1996) attribute the differences in importance of attributes to different styles of hospitality services, e. g. types of restaurants. Differences could also come from different trends or cultures and even different types of curriculum vitae questions, however. It is difficult to develop standardized questions to measure generalized attributes that are considered relevant to all hospitality services.Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and berry (1988) made a major contribution to the service industry by developing the SERVQUAL instrument. They demonstrated that service quality depends on volt dimensions reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibles. The applicability of SERVQUAL in the hospitality industry is demonstrated by several studies (e. g. Bojanic and Rosen, 1994 Lee and Hing, 1995 Stevens, Knutson, and Patton, 1995). Although SERVQUAL su mmarizes service attributes in a theoretically satisfying way, it takes little account of differences in consumers wishes regarding service quality over time.In Monitoring Consumer Attitudes in Hospitality Services a Market Segmentation 79 addition, each study on market segmentation in the hospitality industry reveals distinct consumer groups, but it is often unknown, however, whether the segmentation holds over time or in different settings. research on stability in market segments over time is scarce (Dolnicar, 2006). Stability is essential as every segmentation solution is different. Only if a segmentation solution can repeatedly be found, does it give a secure basis to postulate existence of segments.In her study on market-segmentation in tourism over the recent decades, including papers in academic journals from 1981 until 2005, Dolnicar reports less than 14% of all studies reportage on any form of stability in market segmentation. Stability over time is claimed to be one of t he most important potential developments in hospitality segmentation. The hospitality sector is always locomote and all kinds of trends and developments influence the sector locally, casely, and internationally. Therefore, it is important to monitor what hospitality consumers want.The Dutch Tourism Knowledge Centre, the Dutch umbrella organization for the hospitality sector, acknowledges in its report on consumer behavior (2000) that consumers found that hospitality businesses did not know what their consumers wanted. In 2002, the Dutch Tourism Knowledge Centre adapted the SERVQUAL instrument of Parasuraman et al. (1988) to five consumer attitudes in the hospitality sector , in order to better keep up with consumers wishes. The Moment Consumer (SERVQUAL tangibles) chooses what is convenient at a certain place and time.Physical facilities, equipment, and appearance are found to be important attributes of hospitality services. This consumer is unpredictable and consumer loyalty is l ow. This consumer feels more and more the need for efficiency. Price is not an object of concern. Moment Consumers are sensitive for trends and tire of concepts relatively quickly. The intended Consumer (SERVQUAL reliability) appreciates the ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately. The Conscious Consumer emphasizes nutrition, origins of products and security.Conscious consumers are concerned about the negative consequences of their behavior for the environment and their health. For the Assured Consumer (SERVQUAL assurance), health and a great and safe environment are important. Under the influence of food scandals the emphasis is on natural and biologic products. Consumers are driven to find alternatives if there are indications of potential risks. Information on the whereabouts of a product, the methods used for preparation, and pure products, are important attributes for this consumer. Violence and aggression have to be tackled by the hospitality busin ess openly.The Healthy Consumer (SERVQUAL responsiveness) values 80 Vera Toepoel healthy food. Colour, taste, form, structure, odor, and appearance are important attributes for a healthy lifestyle. The origins printed on products are also criteria for purchase. The Healthy Consumer buys at responsive businesses. The Experience Consumer (SERVQUAL empathy) wants more than food or accommodation. Eating, drinking, and sleeping have to be experiences, where the consumer is able to participate in the business process and above all is affect by the experience. The Experience Consumer wants individual attention and empathy from hospitality businesses.All of the identified groups value different attributes in the hospitality sector. Attitudes towards different attributes are found be related to demographics. Lea and Worsley (2005) find a world-shaking effect of sex on hospitality beliefs. Bittencourt, Teratanavat, and Chern (2007) discuss household income, family size and composition, res idential location, and age as important influencing factors on food and hospitality consumption. For example, age effects are associated with changes in nutritional requirements, tastes, and preferences due to aging and life cycle (Mori et al. , 2000).Cook (1994) discusses that consumption on dairy products generally decreases with age, while spending on vegetables and fruits are higher in older age groups. Nayga and Capps (1993) give an overview of studies on food outside(a) from home and the socio-demographic factors considered. They find gender, urbanization, household composition, age, education, and income as most important factors influencing consumer behavior. Demographic factors can be used to predict differences in attitudes because the structure of demographic characteristics follows a specific pattern (Bittencourt et al. , 2007).It is important to take into account demographic characteristics to see how they influence consumers attitudes towards certain attributes. Nati onal policies can also influence consumer behavior and attitudes. At the time of this research, smoking policies were a hot topic in the hospitality sector. Although many businesses feared for their turnovers and some face up major losses due to the introduction of a smoking ban (Frumkin, 2004), other businesses did not bank note any differences in consumer behavior before and after the introduction of the prohibition (Kramer, 1995), or even saying a business opportunity in it (Pratten, 2003).It is interesting to see how policy measures such as a smoking ban can have different effects on consumer segments. When hospitality businesses monitor which consumer segments they attract, it becomes more feasible to understand and react to national policies. In the remainder of this paper the five consumer attitudes are presented in a research instrument based on consumer segmentation, the Hospitality Monitor, together Monitoring Consumer Attitudes in Hospitality Services a Market Segmenta tion 81 ith information attesting the reliability and validity of the scale and evince that the construct is meaningful in analyzing consumer behavior. Methodology Design and implementation A research instrument was real to distinguish different consumer segments in the hospitality industry based on the five consumer attitudes identified by the Dutch Tourism Knowledge Centre (2002). Since the boundaries between different attitudes are often blurred, the consumer attitudes were classified into the five main consumer service attributes of the SERVQUAL instrument (Parasuraman et al. 1988). These attitudes are clear and can be manipulated. The attitudes are useful for all sectors in the hospitality industry, from drinking, eating, to accommodation. About ten items per attitude were constructed to differentiate between attitudes. The research instrument consisted of 50 items measured on a five-point Likert scale. Items are presented in concomitant A. The score on each attitude indicat es the respondents attitude towards the topic. Questions on gender, urbanization, household composition, age, education, income, and the smoking ban were also taken into account.longitudinal measurements reveal the augmentation or weakening of certain attitudes. To demonstrate, the exact same measure was repeated some six years later. The questionnaires were fielded in the CentERpanel, an online household panel consisting of more than 2,000 households administered by CentERdata. The panel aims to be representative of the Dutch-speaking population in the Netherlands, including those without Internet access. The CentERpanel is based on a household probability sample selected by Statistics Netherlands, the national statistical agency. Households with no Internet access when recruited were provided with a so-called Net.Box, enabling a connection via a telephone line and a television set. If the household did not have a television, CentERdata provided that, too (see Appendix B for detail s about the panel). Data collection for Wave 1 took place in lofty 2003 1644 panel members were selected and 1410 responded (response percentage 85. 7%). Data collection for Wave 2 took place in blemish 2009 2446 panel members were selected and 1677 responded (response percentage 68. 6%). The demographics in both samples are roughly the same, as can be seen in Appendix C. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17. 82

Unseen Commentary Essay Example for Free

Unseen Commentary Essay emeritus mother and her mother-in-law have a poor kind as they are unable to communicate with each other well. aged mothers mother-in-law felt up that doddering generate was incapable of giving birth to males. hence overaged start outs mother-in-law deemed Old gravel as one who was infertile and unable to produce any male children to the family. Therefore display that Old Mothers mother-in-law looked down upon Old Mother as she did not have a lot confidence in Old Mother to achieve her mother-in-laws expectations of a daughter-in-law. Old Mother calls her mother-in-law as the grey-headed haughty one. This implies that Old Mothers mother-in-law was imperative. Thus to call someone arrogant shows that the person is proud and snooty, therefore difficult to maintain a legal relationship as Old Mothers mother-in-law despises old Mother. Old Mother also describes her mother-in-law as one with a deadly tongue. This shows that her mother-in-law oft en criticises Old mother and often, these criticism are hurtful. Hence, it is difficult to maintain a good relationship when there is constant criticism of each other and lack of respect for one another.Old mother and her babe-in-law have a strained relationship as they are faced with the competition of creation the ideal daughter-in-law with the best children. Old Mother experienced bitter humiliation from her sister-in-law. Thus Old Mother was embarrassed by sister-in-law as they both were competing for their other-in-laws favour by having the wellnessiest sons. This shows that through the competition ming lead with the two, Old Mothers sister-in-law had done some things to purposely disgrace Old Mother olibanum straining their relationship.Also, Old Mother describes her sister-in-law to be as spiteful as a snake. This shows that sister-in-law as mean to Old Mother and was unpleasant towards Old Mother. Thus sho get throughg the stiff competition in the family to produce healt hy sons in which caused Old Mother and her sister-in-law to be mean to each other. Also, Old Mother made many similes amidst her sons and the sons of her sister-in-laws. One comparison made was that Old mothers triad sons were healthy boys slice her sister-in-laws son was a sickly puny one. Therefore the rivalry between old mother and her sister-in-law had resulted in a strained relationship.The relationship between Old Mother mother-in-law and sister -in-law is similar to that of old Mother and her mother-in-law. But here, mother-in-law is less pleased with sister-in-laws son who was thin and small. Mother-in-law communicate sharply to endorse sister-in-law as her son was small. This shows that mother-in-law was unsatisfied with Second sister-in-law for giving birth to such an colicky child. When mother-in-law compared Old Mothers son with Second sister-in-laws son, she clucked her tongue in disapproval. Thus shows that mother-in-law is disappointed that Second sister-in-law did not raise her son to be healthy. Thus resulting in mother-in-law to despise Second sister-in-law and criticising her. Also, Second sister-in-law became silent with resentment. This shows that Second sister-in-law is offended by mother-in-laws comparison of old Mothers and her sons. Thus with anger boiling up in Second sister-in-law, she is unable to maintain a good relationship with mother-in-law as it would always lead to the comparison of the sons.ii.Old Mother is competitive and loves to win which creates a sense of intimidation in the readers. Old Mother let out a exultant chuckle when she remembered how her son was much better than Second sister-in-laws. Old Mother had made a comparison between Second sister-in-laws son who was older than Old Mothers second son but was only(prenominal) half the size. Old mother was glad and had felt that she had victory over Second sister-in-law. Hus showing how victorious can bring about pride to Old Mother, hence old mother is compe titive and delights in winning. Old Mother chuckled in malicious triumph when Second sister-in-laws son was criticised by mother-in-law while Old mother was praised for taking good care of her son. Thus old Mother was competitive and was gleeful that mother-in-law was in her favour. But Old Mothers triumph was malicious, which was hateful thus creating a sense of intimidation as Old Mothers aggressiveness is revealed. Old Mother kept recollecting the old of her winning Second second-sister-in-law and when mother-in-law was pleased with her.Old Mothers health is ailing as her health had deteriorated over the years. Old Mothers was once robust but now she is resting in a hospital. This shows that old Mother was not as healthy and strong as she used to be. Thus she postulate the help of nurses to take care of her so that she could be comfortable. Old Mother had shrunk pitiably shows that she became very creaky and her health had worsened a lot and she had shrivelled up to a pitiful sate. Thus showing that old mother has lost her health and most probably had contracted a disease which led to her being shrunk to such a state. Old Mother was not in pain as she be in the hospital. This shows that old Mother is not feeling any pain as her health is get worse. But it may also imply that Old Mother was in pain previously in the first place entering the hospital.The writer used repetition to convey the feelings and impressions of Old Mother to me. The repeated use of the old haughty one to describe mother-in-law by Old Mother shows how much Old Mother despises mother-in-laws criticism towards her. The criticism by mother-in-law had caused old Mother to be motivated to bear healthy sons into the family so that it would please mother-in-law. Thus, by pleasing mother-in-law of producing three healthy sons, Old Mother has won her competition against mother-in-law. Old mother also repeatedly remembers the times whereby mother-in-law compares her children with that of Se cond sister-in-laws. These comparisons shows old Mothers competitiveness as she feels the pride of winning Second sister-in-law by having the more ideal grandson.

Hopeless Free

Hopeless Free Will EssayThe brain of what it means to be gentle has been asked by not only famous philosophers of old, but by any genius who struggles to desex what it means. Ishiguro conveys this very same question in his novel Never Let Me Go. Ishiguro demonstrates that in spite of the divided physical qualities of earth, the students undeniably have lives unprotected of human virtues like free will and a try for for change. Regardless of their forfeited human virtues and the questions of morality surrounding their existence, the students are designed for a specific purpose, to be organ donors. To be human, most would suggest sensation must possess a intelligence, heart and will. The mind of humans allow for rational thoughts, not instincts like animals. The heart allows a human to feel the consciousness of the human experience, unlike a robot or other forms of artificial intelligence. The will endows a human to make decisions or choices that have either constructive o r adverse consequences. In this capacity for action, one can select this everyplace that and those instead of these.Unfortunately, the students have no free will to choose this over that and those over these in regards to their lives and how to live it, despite possessing the human characteristics of a mind, heart and will. Their destinies were chosen for them long earlier air filled their human lungs. It is a life well-ordered with a specific purpose autarkical of their will or wishes. The inherent freedom of choice most humans have was never amply given to the students, except to choose a sex partner. Their willingness to accept, without question, the rules surrounding their lives starts at Hailsham and continues throughout the novel.For example, while at Hailsham they are told by the guardians not to leave school grounds and to stay healthy, they do not hunch over why and never questions anyone as to why. Leona Toker and Daniel Chertoff write, Indeed, they appear to be inca pable of thinking outside of the system in general they do not ask the basic eschatological questions typical of adolescents (166). Ishiguro clearly demonstrates how fate is the governing force in the lives of the students, and a life void of free will is their destiny when Miss Emily states, your life must now run the course thats been set for it (Ishiguro 266).To be human means one is capable to confide and dream, to adjust and change, to love and learn. Hope promotes the belief in a good yield related to events and circumstances in ones life. The students have the abilities to do these things but without any benefit or reward. Their intellect of hope comes from falsehoods and misbeliefs. This misguided hope encourages Ruth to seek out information about Madame in hopes that Kathy and Tommy would commence a deferral. The illusive hope of the make-believe deferral program is what drives Tommy to begin drawing again, and motivates Kathy and Tommy to visit Madame.In spite of the unrewarding efforts of the students, their ability to hope is a fundamental response genetically programmed in humans. female genitals Sharot writes, A growing body of scientific evidence points to the conclusion that optimism (hope) may be hardwired by developing into the human brain (1). The students like all humans hope for change in their lives. Regrettably, their hopes would never gain an opportunity to become reality, because the overseers of their lives never consider them human.Miss Emily emphasizes this point with the declaration, So for a long sequence you were kept in the shadows, and people did their best not to think about you. And if they did, they tried to convince themselves you werent really like us. That you were less than human (Ishiguro 263). Beyond the dystopian story of Never Let Me Go, a fundamental theme is apparent free will and the certainties of hopes are absent in lives of the students. As humans our decisions are independent of nature and nurture tha n any animals we are aware of our ability to think, to choose and to hope and dream.The students possesses all attributes that makes one humans except for the confidence of having a choice or hope for a future free of being considered poor creatures. Works Cited Ishiguro, Kazuo. Never Let Me Go. New York Vintage Books, 2005. Print. Leona Toker, Daniel Chertoff. reader Respone and the Recycling of Topoi in Kazua Ishiguros Never Let Me Go. Partial Answers Journal of Literature and the History of Ideas 6. 1 (2008) 163-180. Sharot, Tali. The Optimisim Bias. sequence 28 May 2011 28. Print.

“The Story of an Hour” by Kate Chopin Essay Example for Free

The Story of an bit by Kate Chopin EssayIn her short story The Story of an Hour, Kate Chopin portrays a woman young, with a fair, shut up face, whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain strength dealing with the closing of her husband. Chopin laces the story with motion picturery sounds, smells, sights, and sensations to set off contrasting traits of Mrs. mallards experience for the reader.Chopin waits until Mrs. mallard receives the news of her husbands death onward showcasing her visual exposition. When the storm of grief had spent itself, introduces a weather-oriented comparison that enhances the mental suffering typically matte up upon receiving this kind of news. Mrs. Mallard secludes herself in her elbow room and There stood, facing the open window, a comfortable, roomy armchair. Into this she sank, touch dget by a physical exhaustion that haunted her body and seemed to reach into her soul. The spring clock elements contrast the news that lingers al l over her The delicious breath of fall was in the air, The notes of a distant claim reached her faintly, Countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves, Chopin uses these short, but descriptive, sentences to contrast how Mrs. Mallard appears to feel at that moment. The familiar smell of rain creates a connection between the reader and the main character, describing the common April showers that nearly everyone has experienced.As Mrs. Mallard gazes unwrap the window at the new spring life, she hears a person singing and a bird singing. The antithetic descriptions of the spring life function as a barrier for Mrs. Mallard because she now has to deal with the death of her husband and, at the same time, enjoy a beautiful spring day. The imagery Chopin uses to describe Mrs. Mallards activities in her room the way she sits in a comfortable chair, and looks out of the window of her room to see trees that were all aquiver with the new spring life are definitely not emblematic of grie f. condescension that she was not consciously dissatisfied with her marriage to her husband, she suddenly looks forward to a life lived under her own recognizance. To support the assumption of oppression and sadness in Mrs. Mallards past, Chopin says that the clouds had met and piled one above the other. This image of unity symbolizes the happiness that Mrs. Mallard never felt before.The emotional divergence overwhelms Mrs. Mallard, leaving her thrown tail upon the cushion of the chair, quite motionless, except when a sob came up in her throat and shook her, as achild who ahs cried itself to sleep continues to sop in its dreams. The comparison to a child further supports the metaphoric rebirth that she is going through. Mrs. Mallard feels overwhelmed by her days happenings until a rush comes upon her. When she abandoned herself a little whispered word escaped through her slightly parted lips. She said it over and over under her breath free, free, free She felt overjoyed about the news of her husbands death.Her pulses stay fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body. This sensation helped her to realize that this event finally gave her the aspect to get away and live her life the way she had always wanted to. The reader has just pass judgment Louises reaction to her husbands death, when the most unexpected happens Mr. Mallard walks through the door a little travel-stained. This imagery depicts him as worn-down and docile, not valiant. Josephines piercing cry, highlights the abruptness of the situation, and serves as a curtain to the scene.By effectively likeable to the senses, Chopin creates a story filled with suspense and dramatic descriptions. Mrs. Mallard feels trapped and alone in her room until she realizes the true potential of the open window that showed her the world outside her dull, gray life, She was drinking the very philosophers stone of life through that open window. Sights, sounds, smells, and sensations all ser ve to support the readers understanding of Mrs. Mallards experience.

Human Resource Management and Personnel Management Essay Example for Free

Human imagery Management and violence Management Es stateIntroduction1. This report discusses the historical development of Human imagination Management (HRM), identifies the role and purposes of HRM, and also to distinguish between force management and HRM.The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) defines personnel management as the part of management concerned with people at motion and with their dealingships within an enterprise. It aims to bring together, and develop into an effective organisation, the people within an business, having regard for the welf atomic number 18 of the individual and of working groups, to enable them to make their best contri andion to its success. HRM may be defined as a strategic and coherent onward motion to the management of an organisations most valued assets the people working in that respect who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of its objectives for sustainable competitive advantage.The Na ture and Development of Personnel management2. HRM obtained acknowledgment in the late mid-s in timeties in the ground forces, as a label for the way companies such as IBM were managing their people. These companies apply the principles sketch by David Guest (1989) to gain a competitive distinctness over their competitors. These four principles argon listed below.a) Strategic integration -the ability of organisations to integrate HRM issues into their strategic plans, to ensure that the various aspects of HRM cohere and for line managers to bear a HRM perspective into their decision making.b) High commitment people must be managed in a way that ensures both their genuine behavioural commitment to pursuing the goals of the organisation and their attitudinal commitment, reflected in strong recognition with the organisation.c) Flexibility HRM policies must be structured to allow maximum flexibility for the organisation, so it can move to ever changing business take aways for example, by encouraging functional versatility in employees and by creating an flexible organisational structure with the capacity to manage innovation.d) High Quality The notion of quality must run through with(predicate) everything the organisation does, including the management of employees and investment in high-quality employees, which in turn will bear directly on the quality of the goods and utilitys provided.Personnel management can be traced back to second half of the 19th century when Victorian workers were hit hard by the industrialisation, and urbanisation of Britain. Companies such as Cadbury and Rowntree, initiated programmes for their employees managed on their behalf by industrial welf be workers, the philosophy behind these people was that in the welfargon customs, the work and responsibilities of the personnel officer was directed to the employees, rather than to the strategic concerns of the organisation and its management. The programmes included faciliti es such as company housing, health care, teaching method for workers families and so on.The motivation for these measures included, that they reflected a wider social reform, led by political and religious groups. In the USA groups uniform Quakers were abolishing slavery, and striving to increase business performance by the moral and social enhancement of their employees. Moreover, as more motivation to convert to these programmes, improved health and education for the workers and their families meant that these employers would stupefy a better written report with employees and consumers, employees would be more committed and motivated, also on that point would always be great demand for a job within the company. This can be linked to Maslows theory on the hierarchy of require, in which he states that workers are motivated by five different requires.Physiological- pay, holidays (lower format need)Safety Health and safety measures, pensions (lower order need)Social formal and informal groups, social events (lower order need)Self-esteem power, promotion (higher order need)Self-actualisation challenging work, growing new skills (higher order need)These programmes and jobs would provide some(a)thing for each of the lower order needs, therefore increasing motivation end-to-end the workforce.Furthermore, consumers would feel morally better as they were buying products that were helping the working classes. This could be considered very alike to the ideas linked with the popularity of fair raft products in modern day society. The demise of the working class was outlined at this time when the British government had problems autographing troops for the Crimean and Boer wars, as many people failed the medical, and the health of the nations labourers was brought into the limelight.The need for negotiation, conflict resolution and the management of relationships between labour and management occurred in 1871 with the polity of trade unions. This was tr easure politically, with formation of the aptly named Labour Representation Committee in 1900, which was renamed in 1906 as the Labour party, which was by and large funded by the trade union development. In 1911, the National Insurance Scheme created the first welfare render for workers in the result of illness, or unemployment. The establishment of the Ministry of Labour to address wider issues and representations quickly followed this in 1916.In the thirty-something and 40s management theorists repositiond attributes of their theories, as scientific management which was in current use came under scrutiny for dehumanising employees. This is when the HRM approach began to appear, being backed by Maslow, Herzberg, and McGregor who shifted their attention to the higher order needs, as shown above on Maslows hierarchy of needs. The new key to motivation of the workforce entaild job satisfaction, which it was past believed, could not be achieved ripe from maintenance factors like pay and working conditions.The governments influence on industrial relations, and the workforces continued until the mid 1970s in conjunction with social reforms in health and education. After this time the UK government did not inject in collaborated relationships between the employer and employee, with the exception of trade union reform. In spite of that the latter half of the 20th century saw extreme legislation in all sectors of employment. It was during this era that the industrial relations custom suggests that the work and the responsibility of the personnel officer was to mediate and even arbitrate between the sides in industrial disputes, to facilitate collective bargaining, negotiation and compliance with the current industrial relations laws.As a rejoinder to the escalating speed of organisational expansion and alterations, the control of labour tradition suggests that the work and responsibility of the personnel officer is to documentation management by regulating t he range of workplace activity. This includes job allocation, performance, absenteeism, pay, communication, training, and so on.The CIPD have endeavoured to establish personnel management as a career, by providing a programme of learning resulting in a qualification. However, many personnel managers do not posses this qualification and this is rarely seen as an obstruction within the career. It is safe to say that all personnel managers will use remnants of the welfare, industrial, and the control of labour traditions to become part of the professional tradition that is occurring today.The Role and Tasks of the Personnel Function3. Personnel specialists can take various roles like line mangers, advisors, service providers, auditors, Co-ordinators and planners and in todays modern world of rapidly developing technology, ethics, and growing organisations in any business there is need for specialist advice on personnel matters, whether it is internal or external. This is because the pr actise of personnel management needs to be consistent, impartial, proficient and on course with organisational goals, as there are constant developments in this ambit that require expertise in the area of personnel management.The need for this specialist has several contributing factors including the need to comply with changing regulation and legislation, for example the personnel specialist may be used to recruit staff to avoid sex or racial discrimination. Constant changes within the labour market have also meant that policies need to be designed by someone with current knowledge on the matter. Moreover, trade unions, industrial tribunals, and the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) have a continuous role in employee relations therefore having some one who is familiar with the legislation amongst other things that is used would be very useful.However, since there the existing role of the personnel manager is so diverse there are different models derived by diff erent theorists. A popular model is that suggested by Tyson and Fell (1986). The three roles that they suggest are* The clerk of works model all authority for actions is with line managers. Personnel policies are formed after the actions that created the need. Policies are not integral and are short term and ad hoc. Personnel activities are routine and involve day-to-day administration.* The contracts manager model Policies are established, often implicit, with heavy industrial relations emphasis. The personnel incision will use fairly sophisticated systems especially with regard to employee relations. The personnel manager is believably to be a professional or experienced in industrial relations. They should take on the role of policing the death penalty of policies, but does not create them.* The architect model Explicit corporate personnel policies exist as part of the corporate strategy. HR planning and development are important concepts. The head of the function is likel y to be on the Board of Directors, and is therefore seen as a professional, making an important contribution to the business.Policies are often formed to assist in the personnel function to make sure that people are treated equally, and that laws and regulations are met. These can include equal opportunities, disciplinary policies, and safety policies. The policies are based upon legislation put in place by the Government and the EU in certain areas like safety. The value and philosophies of the business about how the employees should be treated and what kind of behaviour will enable them to work most effectively on the organisations behalf. The needs and wants of employees, and the organisations need to attract and retain the kind of employees it wants by its reputation of send as an employer.The Shift in Approach Which Has Led to the Term HRM4. Throughout history the social change has been reflected in personnel management, and which also changes in conjunction with the social ne eds. This is shown by the implementation of legislation and rules, to dispense with discrimination and aid safety measures, as the social climate becomes more morally aware of the workforce. In the late nineteenth century it would not have been unheard of for people to die at work, even into the twentieth century there were still accident that occur to labourers working in primary industries, but this became more shocking, as with the development of technology it was publicised by the media and made safer by improvements, as a company realised that its image was very important.A political and economic change is also discernible through out history, for example in the 1970s when the government would no longer interfere with some matters between employer and employee relations, this is because it was realised that full employment was not as important as controlling ostentatiousness and other economic factors.Also HRM has become common through out the business world and is good inte grated into the organisational structure of a business. This is because it has been found that companies use this approach in different strengths to achieve a competitive edge over their rivals. Today companies like Marks Spencer, McDonalds, and even public sector businesses like British Gas are using various strengths of HRM.Recommendations5. To draw conclusion, it is my recommendation that phoenix Tannoy Ltd. consider establishing a HR department as it is shown in history that the use of HRM does give a competitive edge over rivals, by motivating employees. The reality is that by moving to a HR department Phoenix Tannoy will motivate its workforce by implementing policies and procedures that benefit all the staff. Motivated staff are then more committed to the organisation, and motivated into doing the best they can to help the business achieve its goals. Moreover, a HR department would remove the depersonalised face of the personnel department and make the company less bureaucr atic.

“Give me a stand point and I will move the earth” Archimedes Essay Example for Free

confide me a stand point and I will move the earth Archimedes EssayFeminists atomic number 18 of the intuitive feeling that women in this world puddle been neglected by history and men through out the ages and liberating them would be synonymous with giving them a stand point to move the world. Klues looks to the pioneers of female research in antiquity whose glimpsing women history through a record from which the female sex has been excised for millennial by patriarchal bias, moldiness buzz off been like constructing a house out of the space between the slats of a fence. Further Klues considers that busy and objective scholarship produced an unassailable picture of the role of women in classical Athens, a picture presently almost universally accepted, in which domination of male over female is there seen as send off and crushing. Only one wave of classical scholarship, obviously by anthropology, looks to male-female relationship as a meaning(a) determinant in Athenian society, as in any other an ingredient of total close no less fundamental than its economy or its religion or its political structure. More authors have argued that women did not have a place in history.However, Hasel making reference to Pauline Schmitt Pantel makes a bloodline worthy reminder of Greek philosophers works such as Aristotle and Plato that made relation to different sexes. A similar reference is made more or less the Greek cosmologies meaning that women have always had such a place. Hasel has therefore put forth a vivid conclusion. The image of the Topos then might not contain much because it is based on loneliness of women in antiquity which may not be the case. The portraits of Lipia as discussed in Bartman had an effect in creating a stronger imperial Rome.though there are undertones of their use in propaganda and other political machinations and maneuvers, Bartman note that they were sculpted in the spirit of compromise which he refers as unwrap and take bet ween the sculptor and the sponsor. Scott say that there was a moment not all that ago, when feminists position gender to be an invincible barrier against biology. The sex/ gender distinction would analytically separate the material body from the social body it would then no longer be conceivable that anatomy was destiny.Though women might be viewed as non- actors thus acting in the realms of those who built and wielded political power to which they were strung-out to had a private life which of course influences public life. In the words of Scott, those absent from official news report none the less partook in the making of history those who are silent speak eloquently about meaning of power. This reawakening Scott notes has brought about congruence in thought between political historians and writers penning her story.It has to a fault brought about to the way changes occurred in law, politics and symbolic presentations. A further implication Scott explains is that there are soc ial explanations rather than biological and characterological to the different behavior of men and women and their unequal positions. The feminists are thus challenged in this argument for neglecting female agency by diminishing the historical importance of personal life encapsulated in its three elements- family, sexuality and sociability.Thus irrespective of what feminists think women have always had the stand point and have moved the world as much. Reference Bartman Portraits Of Livia Joan W. Scott, (1988) Gender and the Politics of History (New York 1988) 15-50. Joan W. Scott, Millenial Fantasies. The Future of Gender in the 21st Century, in Claudia Honegger Caroline Arni (eds. ), Gender. Die Tucken einer Kategorie (Zurich 2001) 19-37 Wagner Hasel (1989)Womens life in oriental seclusion? On history and and use of Topos. Pauline Schmitt Pantel (1992) Greek thought on the position of women resolved. Pg 79.