Effect of Smoking on Division of Attention

Effect of Smoking on atom of Attention gypThe basic objective of this training is to see whether take signifi cig bettly affects the division of attention of an idiosyncratic. Smoking can be defined as the process in which any substance, ordinarily baccy is rolled and burnt and the lot that is released is inhaled. on that point is evidence that smoking is harmful to the brain at the functional and morphological aim (Swan Lessov-Schlaggar, 2007). Division of attention can be defined as the persons ability to serve to two or much p character referencetariats at a single time. Snowball Sampling was used to select 60 participants, 30 Smokers (N=30) and 30 Non-Smokers (N=30). A sieveer develop by F sequencerstrom called the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (1978) was used to screen the participants after which the Division of Attention Experiment by Shailaja Bhagwat was administered. Results indicated that at that place was no significant balance in the division o f attention between smokers and non-smokers (t=0.27, t=0.38, t=0.009, t=0.22). They both had nearly the same divisions of attention between physical and mental tasks.INTRODUCTIONSmokingThere are approximately about 2 billion smokers all over the world. (WHO, 2013)Smoking can be defined as the process in which any substance, usually tobacco is rolled and burnt, and the smoke that is released is inhaled. This practice was started as a recreational one in which an active substance like for example nicotine is made available to the blood stream through with(predicate) the lungs (Gatley Wilbert). The most common method of this practice of smoking is through goats. There are other methods of this practice too like the use of bidis, bongs, cigars, hookah, pipes and vaporizers to name a hardly a(prenominal). A 2007 report states that, apiece year, about 4.9 million people worldwide die as a result of smoking. (West, Robert Shiffman, 2007.)Among the many substances used for smoking, to bacco is by far the most widely used substance which is addictive because of the nicotine content. The history of smoking can date back to as early as 5000 BC when it was used for religious ceremonies. The use of tobacco products is increasing globally, though in some higher and middle income countries its use is decreasing. The global prevalence is 48% for bountiful males and 12% for adult females. There are about 1/3 of the adults worldwide, who smoke, that is an approximate of about 2.0 billion smokers around the world including child smokers. (WHO 2013)A a couple of(prenominal) reasons as to why people start smoking can be having parents who smoke, siblings who smoke, friends who smoke, the freedom that they reach to do what they want, peer pressure, low academic achievements, their daily surrounding, that is, having co-workers or people they are usually surrounded with being chain smokers, economic background or even life in the urban environment to an extent. An individual might just start smoking as a result of a social gathering or a party which becomes an addiction by and by on.Smoking is most prevalent in the age group of 18-25. It is stated that there are about 1000 smokers at the age of 18 and on a lower floor who start smoking (WHO 2013). There are various reasons and causes for such a trend. This age group is the most prone to getting addicted to smoking as individuals in this age bracket are most easily swayed in their decisions and get addicted most easily. Once addicted to the use of any substance, tobacco generally, it gets very tough for individuals to leave this habit. According to statistics by the World Health Organization we have more male smokers (35% developed 50% developing) than female smokers (22% developed 9% developing). These statistics show a rather large number of women smoking, especially in the developed countries we see that a lot of women smoking.Division of AttentionDivision of attention (Multi- projecting) is the pro cess in which an individuals attention is divided between two tasks. The talent of multitasking is when an individual knows how to juggle the time and attention worn-out(a) between the two tasks easily so as to give equal amount of attention to both so that it doesnt look like there is any amount of partiality or preference given to a specific task on hand. One is said to be good at multi-tasking when one is able to perform both the tasks at the best of their abilities without being overworked or stressed. Since the 1990s experimental psychologists have tried to understand the nature and limits of humane multitasking.In dichotic listening, subjects are apparently unable to attend simultaneously to two concurrent, auditory speech messages. However, in two experiments reported here, it is shown that people can attend to and repeat back continuous speech at the same time as taking in complex, un tie in visual scenes, or even art object sight-readingpiano music. In both cases perfor mance with dividedattentionwas very good, and in the case of sight-reading was as good as with undivided attention. There was little or no government issue of the dual task on the accuracy of speech shadowing. (Allport, Antonis Reynold, 1971)Attention, it can be described as the process of focusing in ones field of awareness. Our attention can be commanded by a number of factors.Two of the main factors that can do so areObjective factors such as intensity, size, movement, distinctiveness and so forthSubjective factors such as, an individuals needs, motives, interests, past experiences etc.The intensity of attention given to a specific stimulus is affected by the mien of a nonher stimulus that is competing for ones attention. This is known as shifting of attention. Shifting of attention is necessary for perception as it prevents electronegative adaptation.Another phenomenon which is related to attention is known as the distraction of attention. As we already know what is shifting of attention, distraction of attention is when the attention wavers and gets back to the previous stimuli. There are maximum numbers of stimuli that can be responded to in a especial(a) period of attention. This maximum amount of attention that can be referred to in this particular period is called the span of attention.How a person can divide their attention has to do with that persons intelligence (Sternberg Sternberg, 2012). Researchers Navon and Gopher (1979) theorized a modality warning which explains the basics of attention mainly divided between various simple tasks and not between various complex tasks. There are various variables that take a role in our ability to pay attention or to concentrate on the many tasks that are to be performed at once. A few of those variables are anxiety, arousal, the difficulty of the tasks to be performed and the skills that an individual possesses.Relation between Smoking and Division of AttentionWhen we look back to studies done in the p ast on these two topics, we have many, but when it comes to a charter involving both these topics we have hardly any studies. We have many researches on smoking and its ready on health, cognition, meat of nicotine on the brain activity during the performance of a task, impact of smoking on the performance of an individual, as well as studies on the effect of smoking during pregnancy on the performance of a child after its birth.An accumulation of evidence suggests that smoking may be reinforcing, in part, due to nicotines might to enhance the process of attention, but correspondingly, the stimulus-filter model of nicotine reinforcement asserts that nicotine increases cognitive performance by acting as a stimulus-barrier, thereby screening and preventing the irrelevant and maddening stimuli from the smokers awareness. (Kassel, 1997)Some studies that have been performed on smoking and the performance of an individual, either cognitive or social both say that smoking usually has a negative impact or rather they say that smoking reduces the cognitive and physical performance of an individual.It was found that while cigarette smoking had no negative effect upon performance for simple perceptual tasks, smoking was found to exert measurable negative effects upon performance for more complex information processing tasks (Spilich, June Renner, 1992).There is a scientific background for the decrease in the physical performance of an individual who smokes. Smoking reduces the capacity of an individual to do work as the oxygen available to the body is reduced. When we inhale smoke from a cigarette, we introduce the carbon monoxide into the blood. The carbon monoxide combines with the hemoglobin in the blood to form carboxy-hemoglobin which reduces the amount of oxygen that is carried in the blood. The lesser the available oxygen, the lesser the physical endurance, the lesser the endurance, the weaker the individual. Pro commodioused smoking causes irreversible lung damage. A study recently done in Kings College London tells us that smoking spoils the brain by damaging memory, learning and reasoning as well (Smoking Rots the Brain Lowers Cognitive Performance, November 2012).Smoking just a single cigarette can immediately affect physical capability in exercise when the inhaled carbon monoxide binds to red blood cells, displacing oxygen and preventing its delivery to muscle cells. In fact, a study at UCLA found that young adults experience a four percent decrease in oxygen uptake right after smoking.It has long been known that smokers tend to be less physically active than nonsmokers, and vice versa. For instance, a study in Public Health Reports found smokers are more likely to quit supervised exercise programs.Another study found that male high school students who were less physically active than their peers were twice as likely to smoke.There hasnt been a specific study on the effect that smoking has on the division of attention. Generally the division of attention is usually different for different individuals. Smokers perform one physical and one mental task at a time. They are hence multitasking or rather dividing their attention in such a way that they are spending enough time performing both the tasks but to what level of their ability?Smokers are punter at Division of Attention.The above mentioned hypothesis is one study or rather one topic that has not been widely studied under the broad topic of smoking especially in the Indian contest. There have been various studies on the effect of smoking on performance as well as the capacity of an individual to divide their attention between two tasks.Will the division of attention among non-smokers be greater than the division of attention among smokers? intentTo determine whether there is a significant difference in the division of attention between smokers and non-smokers while performing two tasks simultaneously.HYPOTHESISThere is a significant difference between th e division of attention of smokers and non-smokers while performing two tasks simultaneously.METHODParticipantsA sample size of 60 students (n=60) within the age group of 18-22 with all of them from a middle class background, studying in college and from the city of Hyderabad were selected on the basis of Random Sampling. They were divided into two groups of 30 each i.e. smoker and non-smokers. These two groups were further divided into 15 girls and 15 boys each. Before giving them the screener itself, the purpose of the study was explained and a signed informed consent was interpreted from the students.Participation inclusion criteriaStudents between the ages of 18-22Pursuing bachelors degree from any collegeStudents who were smokersParticipation exclusion criteriaStudents above the age of 22 or infra 18Students working part time or full timeInstrumentsThe Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Scale (FTND) was used as a screener for the smokers. It is a 6 school principal scale which sh ows the levels of dependence on nicotine. Anybody who has moderate to high dependency (score of 5 or above) on this scale is considered a smoker. This scale was developed by Fagerstrom in 1978 titled Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire which was later called the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND Heatherton et al., 1991).After this the Division of Attention (different variables) by Dr. (Smt.) Shailaja Bhagwat was given to the participants, which involved the performance of 4 tasks. Each task was to be performed only for two minutes, that too each task had 3 sub tasks. The students were explained what each and every task was very carefully and if they had any doubts, those doubts were exonerated too.The 4 tasks in brief wereone Physical and one Mental Simple Tasks (separately as well as simultaneously)one Physical Simple Task and one Mental Complex Task (separately as well as simultaneously)one Physical Complex and one Mental Complex Task (separately as well as simultaneou sly)one Physical and Mental Complex Task (separately as well as simultaneously)ANALYSISThe statistics that were used on the raw entropy wereMean bar DeviationT-TestRESULTSThe hypothesis states that there is a significant difference between the division of attention between smokers and non-smokers. The Statistics used wereMean The numerical Average of a set of numbers.Standard Deviation Measures how spread out the data is.T-Test Measures if there is a significant difference between two variables.The results got do not support the hypothesis which states that there is a significant difference in the division of attention between smokers and non-smokers.Table 1 shows the Mean (M) Standard Deviation (SD) and T-Value (t) between smokers and non-smokers.*N.S = Not SignificantTable 1 shows that the t-values were not found to be significant.DISCUSSIONWhen we attend two or more tasks at one time, it is mainly because of the division of attention of that person. The first scientist to study in the field of division of attention was Paulhan (1887) who found out that if the nature of both the jobs is simple, the topic would be the least affected. A few other scientists who got the same results were Binet (1890), Jastraw and Cairnes (1892) and Fitts and Simon (1949). According to the table shown above, the hypothesis mentioned above has been proved right. There is no significant difference between theDivision of attention between smokers and non-smokers in performing two tasks simultaneously.These results could be due to various reasons. The lifestyle of both smokers and non-smokers is the same. Their surroundings, their routines everything is very similar. Although minor differences volition be present in the results due to differing mental abilities, everything else is the same. Hence their results or rather the levels of division of attention between ideally should not differ to a great extent.When we look at the tables closely we observe that the performance of two simple tasks (one physical and one mental) the loss of efficiency in the performance of tasks in non-smokers is lesser than that of smokers, whereas in the performance of two difficult tasks (one mental and one physical) the opposite case happens. The loss of efficiency is lesser for smokers when compared to non-smokers.When we look at the results of the tasks of difficult physical- easy mental or difficult mental and easy physical, they depended completely on the mental abilities of that person. There was no pattern that was followed.The hypothesis may not have been proved right as the all the students have not been smoking regularly for long. The effects might be seen more clearly if they had been smoking for longer. The brain functioning might be something that would be impaired only after a while. The impairment is not going to be sudden.There could have also been many intervening variables such as the weather, the students mood the surroundings, the situations and even the nois e levels. All these affect the performance of the subject while performing a task.This particular research in this field gives the psychologists a base to build up future researches and ones which can be conducted in more depth. The same study can be conducted on an older population and the results can be matched and seen. Then it can be proven if age plays a major role in this research. As the subjects are older it is but natural that they have smoked for longer in their life which has been proved to reduce brain functioning.This study shows that there is no significant difference between smokers and non-smokers as well as girls and boys when it comes to the division of attention.REFERENCEAnstyl, OKearney, Salim, Sanden. Smoking as a peril Factor for Dementia and Cognitive Decline A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies (2007)West, Robert and Shiffman, Saul (2007).Fast Facts Smoking Cessation. Health Press Ltd. p.28Hirsch, GL, et al., Immediate effects of smoking on cardiopulmonar y response to exercise, Journal of Applied Physiology 581975-81, June 1985Blair, SN, et al., human relationship amid Exercise or Physical Activity and Other Health Behaviors, Public Health Reports 100(2)172-180, March-April 1985 Faulkner, RA, et al., The Relationship of Physical Activity to Smoking Characteristics in Canadian Men and Women, Canadian Journal of Public Health 78(3)155-60, May-June 1987 Lazarus, NB, et al., Smoking and Body Mass in the inborn History of Physical Activity Prospective Evidence from the Alameda County Study, 1965-1974, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 5(3)127-35, May-June 1989Dishman, RK, et al., The Determinants of Physical Activity and Exercise, Public Health Reports 100(2)158-71, March-April 1985Winnail, SD, et al., Relationship Between Physical Activity Level and Cigarette, Smokeless tobacco, and Marijuana Use Among Public High School Adolescents, Journal of School Health 65(10)438-442, December 1995http//www.holah.karoo.net/sampling.htmThe Effects of Tobacco Smoke and Nicotine on Cognition and the Brain, Gary E. Swan,Christina N. Lessov-SchlaggarOn thedivisionofattention A disproof of the single channel hypothesis,D. Alan Allporta,Barbara AntonisaPatricia ReynoldsSmoking and attention A review and reformulation of the stimulus-filter hypothesis, Jon D. KasselCigarette smoking and cognitive performance, George J. Spilich, Lorraine June, Judith Renner.Smoking Rots the Brain Lowers Cognitive PerformanceNovember 29, 2012http//scitechdaily.com/smoking-rots-the-brain-lowers-cognitive-performance/1

Types of Tissue and Muscle

Types of Tissue and massivenessMuscleMuscle is one of the four organic types of waver present in animals. It is a soft tissue primarily responsible to produce movement of a luggage compartment part. Its cubicleular telephones convert the chemical force of ATP into the mechanic null of motion and exert a useful pull on other tissue. More specific all toldy, energy contraction serves the following imbrication functions movement and contractile move of body contents in the course of respiration, circulation, digestion, defecation, urination, and childbirth. Stability by resisting the pull of gravity. Communication. As well as the control of body openings and passages. And finally, producing around 85% of our body heat, which is vital for the metabolism (C bey Carpenter, 2007).ClassificationThere are three histological types of brawncardiac, smooth and skeletalwhich differ in appearance, physiology, and function.The cardiac ponderosity is essentially limited to the heart, t hough it extends slightly into the nearby blood vessels. It is involuntary and striated because of the regular arrangement of their actin and myosin filaments. Its cells are much shorter, so they are commonly called myocytes, and are mononuclated (Saladin, 2003). The myocytes assemble branches of adjoining cells and form a ne dickensrk by attaching to each other in attachment points called intercalated discs that provide strong mechanical adhesions among adjacent cells. Smooth muscle lacks striations and is involuntary. Smooth muscle cells are usually long and spindle- cultivated, and each fusiform cell has a single and come to nucleus (Purves et al., 2004). Small amounts of smooth muscle are found in the iris of the eye and in the skin, but most of it, called visceral muscle, forms spirit levels in the walls of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, blood vessels, the uterus, and other viscersa (Alberts et al., 2008). The skeletal muscle type is of special interest of t his thesis and will be further stu bustd in the following sections. superfluous muscleSkeletal muscles are, as the reference implies, are bound to the skeleton by means of tendons, which means that they are volitional. It is composed of both muscular tissue and connective. A skeletal muscle cell (muscle fiber) is about 10 to 100m in diameter and 30 cm long. It is environ by a sparse layer of areolar connective tissue called the endomysium, which allows room for blood capillaries and nerve fibers to reach each muscle fiber. Muscle fibers are assemblyed in bundles called fascicles, which are visible(a) to the naked eye as parallel strands. Each fascicle is separated from neighboring ones by a connective tissue sheath called the perimysium, usually sensibly thicker than the endomysium. The muscle as a whole is surrounded by still another connective tissue layer, the epimysium. The epimysium grades imperceptibly into connective tissue sheets called fasciae, deep fasciae between adj acent muscles and a superficial fascia (hypodermis) between the muscles and skin. It is described as striated and voluntary (Saladin, 2003).StructureThe skeletal muscle tissue consists of long and cylindrical cells called muscle fibers, which are actually huge single cells that form during development by the fusion of many separate cells, called myoblasts. Each cell contains multiple nuclei adjacent to the blood plasma membrane, and they are about 10 to 100m in diameter and 30 cm long. The bulk of the cytoplasm inside is made up of myofibrils, which is the name given to the underlying contractile elements of the muscle cell. Within each myofibril are thin actin filaments and thick specific muscle isoforms of myosin II filaments (Alberts et al., 2008). Myosin filaments are bundles of molecules with globular heads and polypeptide tails. Actin filaments consist of cardinal chains of actin monomers twisted together. They are wrapped by chains of the polypeptide tropomyosin and studde d at intervals with another protein, troponin.In most regions of the myofibril, each thick myosin filament is surrounded by six thin actin filaments, and conversely, each thin actin filament sits within a triangle of three thick myosin filaments. The myofibril consists of retroflexing units, called sarcomeres, which are the units of contraction, reinforced up of approximately 2.2 microns in length. Each sarcomere is made of overlapping filaments of actin and myosin, which create a distinct band form. As the muscle contracts, the sarcomeres shorten, and the appearance of the band pattern changes. Each sarcomere is bounded by Z-lines, which are structures that anchor the thin actin filaments. Centered in the sarcomere is the A-band, which contains all the myosin filaments. The H-zone and the I-band, are regions where actin and myosin filaments do not overlap in the relaxed muscle. The pitiful stripe within the H-zone is called the M-band it contains proteins that help hold the myos in filaments in their regular arrangement. The bundles of myosin filaments are held in a centered position within the sarcomere by a protein called titin. cardiac muscle and smooth muscle also contain sarcomeres, although the organization is not as regular as that in skeletal muscle (Alberts et al., 2008 Purves et al., 2004.).The plasma membrane, called the sarcolemma has tunnel-like infoldings called transversal (T) tubules that penetrate by the fiber and emerge on the other side. The function of a T tubule is to carry an electrical current from the surface of the cell to the midland when the cell is stimulated. Most other organelles of the cell, such as mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), are located between adjacent myofibrils. The sarcoplasm also contains an abundance of glycogen, which provides stored energy for the muscle to use during exercise, and a red pigment called myoglobin, which binds oxygen until it is needed for muscular activity. The smooth ER of a muscle fiber is called sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). It forms a net profit around each myofibril, and alongside the T tubules it exhibits dilated sacs called terminal cisternae. The SR is a reservoir for calcium ions it has gated channels in its membrane that dismiss release a flood of calcium into the cytosol, where the calcium activates the muscle contraction process (Saladin, 2003).Muscle contractionFor contraction to occur, an action potentials spreads from the end plate and when it reaches the T tubules, it continues down them into the sarcoplasm. consummation potentials open voltage-regulated ion gates in the T tubules. These are physically linked to calcium channels in the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), so gates in the SR open as well and calcium ions diffuse out of the SR, down their concentration gradient and into the cytosol. The calcium ions bind to the troponin of the thin filaments. The troponin-tropomyosin complex changes shape and shifts to a new position. This exposes the active sites on the actin filaments and makes them available for dorsum to myosin heads the myosin heads must have an ATP molecule bound to it to initiate the contraction process. Myosin ATPase, an enzyme in the head, hydrolyzes this ATP. The energy released by this process activates the head, which cocks into an extended, high-energy position. The head temporarily keeps the ADP and orthophosphate group bound to it. The cocked myosin binds to an active site on the thin filament. Myosin releases the ADP and phosphate and flexes into a bent, low-energy position, tugging the thin filament along with it. This is called the power stroke. The head remains bound to actin until it binds a new ATP. Upon binding more ATP, myosin releases the actin. It is now prepared to repeat the whole processit will hydrolyze the ATP, recock (the recovery stroke), attach to a new active site farther down thethin filament, and produce another power stroke (Saladin, 2003). Classes of muscle fibersNot all muscle fibers are metabolically alike or adapted to perform the same task. Some act slowly but are relatively resistant to fatigue, while others respond more quickly but also fatigue quickly. Indeed, skeletal muscles can be divided into fast and slow twitch fibers and its myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression.Type I (MHC-I) excessively called slow oxidative (SO) or slow-twitch. These fibers have relatively coarse mitochondria, myoglobin, and blood capillaries, and therefore a relatively deep red color. They are well adapted to aerophilous respiration, which does not generate lactic vinegarish. Thus, these fibers do not fatigue easily. However, in response to a single stimulus, they exhibit a relatively long twitch, lasting about 100 milliseconds (msec).Type II (MHC-II) Also called fast glycolytic (FG) or fast-twitch. They are well adapted for quick responses but not for fatigue resistance. They are rich in enzymes of the phosphagen and glyco genlactic acid systems. Their sarcoplasmic reticulum releases and reabsorbs Ca2 quickly, which partially accounts for their quick, forceful contractions. They are relatively pale (white fibers). These fibers produce twitches as short as 7.5 msec, but because of the lactic acid they generate, they fatigue more easily than SO fibers.Some authorities recognize two subtypes of FG fibers called types MHC-IIA and MHC-IIB. Type IIB is the common type just described, while IIA, or intermediate fibers, combine fast-twitch responses with aerobic fatigue-resistant metabolism. Type IIA fibers, however, are relatively rare except in some endurance-trained athletes (Saladin, 2003). Notably, human skeletal muscle does not contain MHCIIb (Spangenburg and Booth, 2003 Schiaffino and Reggiani, 1994 Smerdu et al., 1994). In addition, hybrid fibers containing two MHC isoforms (i.e., type I/IIA, IIAX, IIXB) can also be present in muscle (Schiaffino and Reggiani, 1994 Staron and Pette, 1993).The fiber typ es can be differentiated histologically by utilise stains for certain mitochondrial enzymes and other cellular components, like using immunohistochemical procedures with antibodies against the specific MHC isoforms (Schiaffino et al., 1989 Lucas et al., 2000). All muscle fibers of one motor unit belong to the same physiological type. nearly all muscles are composed of both SO and FG fibers, but the proportions of these fiber types differ from one muscle to another.Muscle myogenesisVertebrate skeletal myogenesis proceeds through three stages determination of the muscle progenitor cells, called myoblasts proliferation and in some cases migration of myoblasts and their terminal specialism into mature muscle by fusing to form multinucleated myotubes (Buckingham et al., 2003 Shi and Garry, 2006).Muscle developmentMuscle tissuesare derived from themesodermallayer of embryoticgerm cellsin a process known asmyogenesis. All muscles are derived fromparaxial mesoderm 8.The paraxial mesoder m is divided along the embryos length intosomites, corresponding to thesegmentationof the body.Muscle cells come from two cell lineages in the myotome somite, the epimere and hypomere, which formepaxialandhypaxialmuscles, respectively. Most muscles are hypaxial. During development,myoblasts either remain in the somite to form muscles associated with the vertebral column or migrate out into the body to form all other muscles. Myoblast migration is preceded by the formation ofconnective tissueframeworks, usually formed from the somatic squinty plate mesoderm.Myoblasts follow chemical signals to the appropriate locations, where they fuse into elongate skeletal muscle cells (Sweeney, 1997).Muscle distinctionMuscle fibersform from the fusion ofmyoblastsinto multi-nucleated fibers calledmyotubes. In the early development of an embryothese myoblasts will proliferate if enoughfibroblast growth factor(FGF) is present, without differentiating. When these factors are depleted, the myoblasts c ease division and secretefibronectinonto theirextracellular matrix and bind to it through _51 integrin, their major fibronectin receptor (Menko and Boettiger 1987 Boettiger et al. 1995).The second stage involves the alignment of the myoblasts together into chains and subsequently into myotubes. This step is mediated by cell membrane glycoproteins, including several cadherins and CAMs (Knudsen 1985 Knudsen et al. 1990). erudition and alignment between cells takes place only if the two cells are myoblasts. However, identity of the species is not critical (Yaffe and Feldman, 1965).The third stage is the actual cell fusion itself. In this stage,calciumions are critical for development (Shainberg et al. 1969 David et al. 1981). Fusion is mediated by a set of metalloproteinasescalledmeltrins (e.g., c-Met).Myocyte enhancer factors(MEFs) promote myogenesis.Serum response factor(SRF) plays a central role during myogenesis, creation required for the expression of striated alpha-actin genes (Wei et al., 1998).Expression of skeletalalpha-actinis also regulated by theandrogen receptor steroids can thereby regulate myogenesis (Vlahopoulos et al., 2005).The specific extracellular signals that induce determination of each group of myoblasts are expressed only transiently. These signals trigger production of intracellular factors that maintain the myogenic program after the inducing signals are gone. We discuss the identification and functions of these myogenic proteins, and their interactions, in the coterminous several sections.Muscle-specific musical arrangement factorsPax familySatellite cells and proliferating myoblasts is characterized by the expression of Pax-genes, more specifically Pax7 and Pax3, which are transcription factors that regulate proliferation. Back to the developmental stage, in the lateral portion of the somite, which forms the hypaxial muscles, factors from the surrounding environment induce the Pax3 transcription factor. In the absence of other inh ibitory transcription, Pax3 then activates the genes encoding two muscle-specific transcription factors, Myf5 and MyoD. In the median region of the somite, which forms the epaxial muscles, MyoD is induced through a slightly different pathway1.Pax7 residing satellite cells proliferating stage and Pax7 knockout mice completely lack satellite cells (Seale et al., 2000). Cells expressing Pax7 is believed to be important for the variation of myoblasts. Also the expression of Pax3 has negative effect on the differentiation and it has been shown that this transcription factor is down-regulated in muscle by ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation before differentiation can proceed (Boutet et al., 2007). Pax genes have been shown to regulate the proliferation and survival even of certain cancers such as melanoma (Muratovska et al., 2003). Pax transcription factors are downregulated upon further differentiation and other proteins predominate.Meanwhile Pax3 _____, Pax7 appears only in mus cle stem cells (___).MyoD familyMuscle cells come from two cell lineages in the somite. In both instances, paracrine factors instruct the myotome cells to plough muscles by inducing them to synthesize the MyoD proteins (Maroto et al. 1997 Tajbakhsh et al. 1997). Or also called the myogenic bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) proteins. The proteins of this family all bind to similar sites on the DNA and activate muscle-specific genes (e.g. the muscle-specific creatine phosphokinase gene by binding to the DNA immediately upstream from it, or the chicken muscle acetylcholine receptor) (Lassar et al. 1989 Piette et al. 1990). MyoD and Myf5 belong to this family and are particularly important for muscle differentiation 2.Their important role during differentiation is supported by the MyoD-/-/Myf-5-/- mice lacking fully developed skeletal muscle (Rudnicki et al., 1993). Myf-5 promotes myoblasts proliferation and is required for the cells to initiate differentiation (Ustanina et al., 2007). Abs ence of MyoD inhibits differentiation in cell goal and the protein is therefore considered to be a positive regulator of the process (Sabourin et al., 1999). While Pax3 is found in several other cell types, the myogenic bHLH proteins are specific for muscle cells. Any cell making a myogenic bHLH transcription factor such as MyoD or Myf5 is committed to becoming a muscle cell.Myogenic regulatory factors (proper name?)Later than the MyoD proteins expression during differentiation, the myogenin and the myogenic regulatory factor 4 (MRF4) are present. Mice with deleted myogenin in developing myoblasts can start the differentiation process but they cannot move and die soon after birth (Hasty et al., 1993). Among other things, this suggests that myogenin is required at a later stage of the process. Similarly, MRF4 is important for the growth of muscle tissue (Rhodes and Konieczny, 1989). It is noted that the MEF2 family of transcription factors also regulate differentiation (Olson et al. , 1995), but their functions are not described in this context.In summary, Pax transcription factors help to sustain it from the stem cell stage of satellite cells, MyoD and Myf-5 act as myogenic determinants in the myoblasts diet, and myogenin and MRF4 are known as regulators of the later differentiation and muscle fiber formation (Pallari, 2011). other(a) factorsAlthough some factors that induce differentiation remain unknown, some growth factors and signaling molecules have been shown to regulate the process. Notch signaling is important in animal embryonic development, in that it participates in the cell fate determination (Alberts et al., 2008). Notch has a dual role of myoblasts in that the protein has an inhibitory effect on myoblasts differentiation (Shawber et al., 1996) and concurrently stimulates their proliferation (Conboy and Rando, 2002). The chemoattractant SDF-1 also has an inhibitory effect on myoblasts differentiation and stimulates their proliferation by activati on of the PKC (demi et al., 2007). Moreover, differentiation requires the expression and activity of cyclindependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitors, such as p21 and p27, critical for the withdrawal of myoblasts from the cell cycle (Kitzmann and Fernandez, 2001). To fully understand the factors that regulate, activate and inhibit satellite cells and their differentiation requires even much research (Kuang and Rudnicki, 2007 Shi and Garry, 2006.).1 developmental biota Scott gilbert2 developmental biology Scott gilbert

The Expansion Of A Vietnamese Fast Food Company Marketing Essay

The Expansion Of A Vietnamese Fast Food Company marketing EssayPHO24 is a restaurant chain in Vietnam with all over 50 branches operating worldwide serving tasty Ttraditional Vietnamese Pho noodles. Its a Vietnamese noodle restaurant chain belonging to Nam An Group, the biggest FB Corporation in the country. isolated from PHO24, Nam An Group owns and operates many other different FB brands including An Vien Restaurant, Maxims Nam An Restaurant, Thanh Nien Restaurant, An Restaurant, Goody Ice Cream, Goody Plus Ice Cream, Ibox Caf, etc.Trung, 39, is the founder of the Nam An Group, the holding company behind the Pho24 fast-food chain, atomic number 53 of Vietnams most successful home-grown franchises. Armed with a PhD in business administration from Australia and a drive to thread rich quick, Trung opened the low branch of Pho24 in 2003 in Ho Chi Minh urban center with the aim of feeding into the citys fast-growing hostile-tourist commercialize.Pho24s unique blend of pho (bee f noodles) and air-conditi angiotensin-converting enzymed McDonalds-style dining proved equally popular with the locals, who at once represent more than half of his clientele. Pho24 has grown into one of Vietnams largest fast-food chains, with 24 restaurants nationwide and plans to open another 73 across the country by the end of 2008.Trung is leverage Pho24s local success into spherical expansion plans, with one branch in Indonesia, concrete plans to open restaurants in manilla paper and Singapore this year, and designs eventually to establish branches in South Korea, Japan, Australia, china and the United States.Foreign franchise invasion.Last year, 530 foreign and local brand names were franchised and another 811 franchises were transferred into Vietnam, according to the National Department of mental Property (NDIP). Foreign fast-food franchises are slowly finding their place alongside the countrys traditional shophouse vendors, including the likes of KFC, Jollibee and Dilmah (a teahouse chain).Global brands such as McDonalds, Starbucks, Gloria Jeans, Pizza Hut and dairy farm Farm are readying to make inroads once Vietnam accedes to the World Trade Organization (WTO), which is plausibly to happen next year. IKEA, Tesco and Wal-Mart have also reportedly examined the market.Trung views nonchalantly the coming foreign invasion, asserting that his superior understanding of local market conditions coupled with the latest foreign management techniques provide maintain his budding franchises belligerent edge.The Pho24 logo reflects the number of different ingredients, 24, and the number of hours, 24, required to prepare each bowl of his signature beef-and-noodle soup. One day he also hopes all his shops will be open around the clock, that is, 24 hours a day.Trung was particularly sensitive to regional taste differences, something he imagines big global fast-food chains will likely overlook when entering the market. To arrive at just the right blend of no rthern and southern taste preferences, Trung and family sought a culinary middle ground, atomic salty than Hanois version of the national dish, and less sweet and fatty than Ho Chi Minh Citys usual fare.With Pho24s success, Trung is conducting taste tests for expanding into other traditional Vietnamese dishes, including spring rolls and curl cha, for which he already holds registered trademarks for possible chains of Springroll24 and BunCha24.Synonymous with Vietnamese culture, Pho (beef noodle soup) is the national food. For generations, Pho has been Vietnams typical street food where people squat on little stools and slurp a hearty bowl. This restaurant has set a new standard of enjoying this dish by offering fancier setting with air condition and a more delicate tasting option. What also sets Pho 24 apart, is its ever expanding presence and branded appearance. Each of the restaurants looks and operates the same stylish green walls, artistic photos, stylishness bench style woo den tables. If youre wondering how this place got its name it is because of the 24 tasty ingredients which make their pho consistently deliciousThe first PHO24 outlet was opened in June 2003 on Nguyen Thiep Street, opposite to the prime landmark Saigon Sheraton Hotel. By June 2010, PHO24 has opened 77 outlets in Ho Chi Minh City, Ha Noi, Da Nang, Vung Tau, Nha Trang, Binh Duong, Jakarta (Indonesia), Manila (Philippines), capital of South Korea (Korea), Phnom Penh (Cambodia), Sydney (Australia) and Hong Kong. PHO24 plans to open more stores in all major cities of Vietnam as well as in overseas markets, where there are extensive Asian populations. The founders believe that PHO24s business ideal is unique but easy to multiply due to its small space requirement, low investment, standardized operational procedures, and most importantly, the top tone of voice of the food.Ideas and problem conceptPHO has been the most famous dish of Vietnam but it was only known as street food for many decades. Therefore, the founders of PHO24 saw this is an excellent prospect to create a new business concept that meets the high standards but still preserving the traditional value. After nearly two days of market enquiry especially the customers taste PHO24 has invented a unique flavor for PHOs broth derived from 24 top- character reference ingredients and spices. This unique taste has been warmly welcomed by not only the customers from HCM City but also Ha Noi, Da Nang, Binh Duong, Vung Tau, Nha Trang and other provinces.The overseas market however will be the largest one. By July 2009 we have stores in Jakarta (Indonesia), Manila (Philippines), Phnom Penh (Cambodia), Seoul (Korea) and Sydney (Australia). In this August, PHO24 opened the sixth outlet in Jakarta Indonesia. Furthermore, In October 2009, PHO24 will be first introduce in Centre Business District in Hong Kong and the second outlet in Seoul, Korea will follow by. Japan and the United States are expected to be next destinations of PHO24 in 2010.In 2004, 2005, 2006 2007, 2008, 2009 PHO24 has been consecutively the winner of The Guide Awards voted by readers of Vietnam Economics Times, Thoi Bao Kinh Te Viet Nam and Tu Van Tieu Dung magazine. In 2008 Pho24 was voted as an International Franchiser of the Year, accepted by FLA Singapore. In 2010, PHO24 is one of the top 10 Ho Chi Minh City One Hundred Excitements which voted by travelers.INTERVIEW QUESTIONSThe external challenges facing Pho24 in their decision to enter China marketQuestions will be focus on a series of food scandals that shocked consumers and reduced consumer confidence.Are there any safety sentry go mea currentments to be imposed on suppliers to ensure that contaminated products are shunt off from entering the supply chain?counterfeit and shoddy food products Is Pho 24 ready to inspect every supplier? Is there an established system for evaluating food authenticities?Will the company set aside an annual budget for quality cont rol measurements?How do the company ensure that time and resources are not wasted when dealing with Chinese authorities? Will the company consider fetching on local partners or consultants?What are the company stands GM food issues? Will in the company allow GM food such as GM crops entering the supply chain? Will the consumers be informed?If the price of the non GM raw material is more expensive than the GM raw material, how will you choose?The understanding of China market and expansion strategiesChina was formally joined WTO since year 2001, as such a lot of foreign company begin to search for their possibility to build their market in China, the giant food company like Mcdonald has established about 20 years in China since their first store open in Shenzen year 1990. KFC already about 23 years in China since year 1987 first store open in Beijing. As such, to ensure PHO24 enter the China market successfully and sustainable in China market, the understanding about the market and the trade strategies become the most important element to be consider before the enter decision make.The China market was very competitive straight off since they joined WTO in Dec 2001, from your previous experience in expanding international business, may I know what is your understanding about China Market? in particular from the aspect of political risk and legal, Consumer demand, financial environment, economy and culture.What is your entry strategy to China market? Whether by Franchising, Joint Venture, Green Field or Licensing.The global brand Food Company like Mcdonald and KFC already about 20 years in China market. How was your company plan and strategies to compete with their branch and get the market share from them?What is your company plan to position yourself in China market and what kind of customer segment your company targeted?What are your international marketing program strategies? Standardization or adaption? The important elements to standardize of adapt are international pricing, global branding and product development, International Distribution and International Marketing Communication.What do you think will become the barriers for your company entry and the challenges the company will facing in China market?Company capability to start-up and instigate operation in ChinaHow much the company is expected to invest in the China market to open the Pho24 restaurants?What is the budget the company is planning to allocate to the China market and how may head count that they are willing to employ for the 24 hours business?How much allocation is needed for training and run on for the staff is needed to prepare the staff for their first year of the business operation?What are the sales patterns for a typical day, week, and month in a restaurant chain in China?What are the total costs to set up a Pho24 in China as China has vast population?Other questionsHow do you select and manage the relationship with your Chinese partner?We realized tha t Chinese beef noodle soup has gained popularity in China. How sure you are that Vietnamese beef noodle can further penetrate Chinese market?In your opinion, is it possible for a beef noodle concept to be as successful as traditional fast-food chains such as McDonald and KFC?What issues do you believe will be most important for your success in China for the next 10 years?

Comparing Power and Control in A Raisin In The Sun and Juno and the Pay

Power and Control in A Raisin In The Sun and Juno and the PaycockIn the two plays, A Raisin In The Sun by Lorraine Hansberry and Juno and the Paycock by Sean OCasey, the reader is presented with a definite struggle for power among its main characters and societys ideals. These plays also serve as functions of drama, where the reader or ravisher can also perceive much more in the way they are portrayed by the actors and the director as well, as the boilersuit thematic plot and significance.In A Raisin In The Sun, the reader is faced with the struggle between Walter and his wife, compassion, and his mother, Mama, for power and head of the household. In the first Act of the play Walter advisedly oversteps Ruths authority just to spite her and show his power as head of the family. Travis, their son requests fifty cents for school, and Ruth denies his request because they dont have the m wholenessy. Walter enters and gives his son more than generous money with his eyes completely transfixed on his wife, who looks at him with utmost scorn and disapprovalTravis-she wont gimme the fifty cents...Walter-(To his wife only) Why not?Ruth-(Simply, and with flavor) Cause we dont have it.Walter-(To Ruth only) What you tell the boy things like that for? (Reaching down into his pants with a rather important gesture) Here son-(He hands the boy the coin, but his eyes are order to his wifes. Travis takes the money happily)Travis-Thanks, Daddy. (He starts out. Ruth watches both of them with murder in her eyes. Walter stands and stares back at her with defiance...(Hansberry 30-31)It is obvious that this scene was meant to be performed, with all its subtle actions and expressed grievances. Here one confrontation of... ...ter to the house he retreats back to his former attempts of deception by lying to her about supposed jobs and leg pains. Like in Raisin, Jack go into a fortune which he squanders away and then later realizes he never possessed, getting into a great debt. He uses the money however to compel himself head of the family, or man of the house, which ultimately falls apart. At the end of the play though, unlike Raisin, he never acquires any real authority as the play ends in disarray, and he goes off to drown his sorrows at the local saloon. These two plays show dramatically the struggle for authoritative power over the characters lives, families, and societies pressures. The overall tragedy that befalls them as they are swept up in these conflicts distinctly portrays the thematic plot of their common misconception for power and control over their lives.

Platos Allegory of a Cave, Wachowskis Matrix, and Marge Piercys Woman on the Edge of Time :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Platos Allegory of a Cave, Wachowskis Matrix, and margin Piercys muliebrity on the Edge of magazinePlatos Allegory of a Cave is a story about captives that ar chained underground, who can not see anything except for shadows caste on a wall by a fire. The only thing that these prisoners can see is the shadows of people. Eventually, one of the prisoners breaks free of the chain and ventures out into the real beingness. In the real arena the freed prisoner discovers that the shadows in the cave are created from light diverge off people. He recognizes there is a whole new creation filled with light. The freed prisoner is actually confused and blinded by the light so he decides to return to the cave. When the prisoner returns to the cave, he shares what he saw in the real world with the other prisoners. The remaining prisoners treat the freed prisoner like he is crazy and they tell the freed prisoner that the real world does not exist. The prisoners in the cave do not believe in t he real world because the cave is all that they know exists. Platos story is a close parallel to the film The Matrix and Marge Piercys Woman on the Edge of Time. Platos theory suggests that masses should be silenced in order to discourage desire because desire leads people to be unjust. Thus, proportionality is needed to create peace and prevent chaos between two powerful worlds. The parallel of Platos theory can be seen in Marge Piercys Woman on the Edge of Time. The novel is about a chosen person, Connie, and her journey to keep peace between the machine world and the human world. Connie has special communicating powers, in which she is able to contact two completely different future worlds. The first world is a total utopia where Connie communicates with Luciente. The utopian world is a very high spirited, trustworthy, healthy community which is extremely peaceful and relies very little on technology. The world in a dysutopian, is completely controlled by computers, and humans a re slave-like to cyborgs. This world is very dirty and the world was completely trashed. Connie lives in the present, where the worlds future is threaten by complete control by machines or a world with no technology. Like the prisoner in Platos story, Connie is shunned by society and put in a mental hospital.

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun - Society and Family Essay

Society and Family in A Raisin in the cheerfulness We can learn a cracking deal by observing a stipulation moment in history. The politics, fashion, and religion of a given society reveal the inner workings of the individuals that admit to make the society functional. While every society is different and unique, there are universal themes that use to every society the need to eat and sleep as well as the concept of family exist in all societies. In Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun, we are witness to the common drama that occurs deep down a family set in a specific historical period. Much of the political action that occurred during the term described within this play is specific to the while which it portrays. In Chicago and elsewhere, the economic affliction of minority families was in sharp contrast to the affluence of the warmness and upper middle class families. The first low-spirited American civil rights activist Harry T. Moore and his wife were killed by a bomb planted under(a) their home on December 25, 1951 (AfroAmerican ). W.E.B. DuBois, a conspicuous black writ... ...e 12. Carlisle, David K. 1998. Black Combat Units In Korean War Action. Online open http//members.aol.com/warlib/dkc2.htm 2000, June 12. Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. Beatty, J., Hunter, J. P. (Eds.)(1998) Norton Introduction to Literature (7th Ed.). New York Norton 1381-1485). MSN Microsoft Network. Encarta. W.E.B. DuBois. Online Available Available http//encarta.msn.com/index/conciseindex/2E/02E91000.htm?z=1&pg=2&br=1 2000, June 11. Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun - Society and Family EssaySociety and Family in A Raisin in the Sun We can learn a great deal by observing a given moment in history. The politics, fashion, and religion of a given society reveal the inner workings of the individuals that combine to make the society functional. While every society is different and unique, there are universal theme s that apply to every society the need to eat and sleep as well as the concept of family exist in all societies. In Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun, we are witness to the common drama that occurs within a family set in a specific historical period. Much of the political action that occurred during the time described within this play is specific to the era which it portrays. In Chicago and elsewhere, the economic affliction of minority families was in sharp contrast to the affluence of the middle and upper middle class families. The first black American civil rights activist Harry T. Moore and his wife were killed by a bomb planted under their home on December 25, 1951 (AfroAmerican ). W.E.B. DuBois, a prominent black writ... ...e 12. Carlisle, David K. 1998. Black Combat Units In Korean War Action. Online Available http//members.aol.com/warlib/dkc2.htm 2000, June 12. Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. Beatty, J., Hunter, J. P. (Eds.)(1998) Norton Introduc tion to Literature (7th Ed.). New York Norton 1381-1485). MSN Microsoft Network. Encarta. W.E.B. DuBois. Online Available Available http//encarta.msn.com/index/conciseindex/2E/02E91000.htm?z=1&pg=2&br=1 2000, June 11.

Radioactive Isotopes Essay -- Chemistry Atoms Energy Essays

Radioactive Isotopes I never thought atomic energy would figure out a role in my life, but that was until two years ago when my family was hit with horrifying unseasoneds. A close friend of ours was diagnosed with breast cancer. Because of a new technology called radiation therapy or radiotherapy, my mothers best friend is alive today. Radiotherapy is produced by a form of nuclear energy called hot isotopes. The class EGEE 101 has educated me about the subject of nuclear energy, but I wanted to take it a step further and discover how nuclear energy plays a role in medicine. Radioactive isotopes are radioactive atoms of familiar elements like carbon, cobalt, phosphorus, or sodium. Radioactive isotopes are located in atomic ash that is left behind after uranium atoms are split in a nuclear pile. Some radioactive isotopes are produced from the exposure of common elements to powerful radiation inside a nuclear reactor during fission (Nuclear Energy 2005) . Fission occurs when an atoms nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei, producing a large amount of energy. Radioactive isotopes release radiation in the form of beta and gamma rays. The strength of the radiation is relative to the place where radioactive material decays. Because of this, different radioisotopes can be used for different purposes, depending on their strength. (Nuclear Energy 2005). Radioactive isotopes have led to what some are trade nuclear medicine. This type of medicine uses the radioactive isotopes to prevent, diagnose, and treat many diseases. During nuclear medicine diagnosing methods, a small amount of radioactive matter is penetrated into the body. The radioactive materials are attracted to cer... .... Radioisotopes in Medicine. May 2004. Uranium Information Centre Ltd. 4 Apr. 2005 .Nuclear Energy. Britannica Student Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia Britannica Online 4 Apr. 2005 .Nuclear Engineering. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2005 . Encyclopedia Britannica Online 4 Apr. 2005 .Schenter, Robert. Nuclear Medicine Research Council. 18 Nov. 1998. Nuclear Medicine Research Council. 4 Apr. 2005 .Schenter, Robert. What Is Nuclear Medicine. 21 Sept. 1999. Nuclear Medicine Research Council. 4 Apr. 2005 .What Is radioactivity Therapy. Dec. 2003. Your Medical Source. 4 Apr. 2005 .